Review of "Frankenstein" themes by Mary Shelley

"Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus," penned by Mary Shelley in 1818, is a groundbreaking novel that has etched its place in literary history. Written during the Romantic era, a time of great social and scientific upheaval, the novel was conceived in the "Year Without a Summer," when Shelley, Lord Byron, and others were confined indoors due to inclement weather. This masterpiece is a complex tapestry of horror and science fiction, genres that were in their infancy at the time.

The purpose of this review is to delve into the universal themes of morality, responsibility, and the limits of scientific knowledge as explored in "Frankenstein," and to discuss why these themes continue to resonate in our modern world.

Summary of the Novel

The narrative of "Frankenstein" is ingeniously framed through an epistolary structure, consisting of letters penned by Captain Robert Walton, an explorer on a daring expedition to the North Pole. Walton's ambition to make a significant contribution to human knowledge mirrors Victor Frankenstein's own aspirations, creating a thematic resonance right from the outset. During his expedition, Walton encounters a beleaguered and broken Victor Frankenstein, adrift in the icy wilderness. Frankenstein is a man shattered by the weight of his own ambitions, a living testament to the dangers of unchecked aspiration. Through Walton's letters to his sister, we are introduced to Frankenstein's harrowing tale, a narrative within a narrative that serves as a cautionary tale for Walton and, by extension, for the reader.

Victor Frankenstein is portrayed as a young scientist brimming with ambition and a thirst for knowledge that knows no bounds. His obsession with the mysteries of life itself becomes the driving force behind years of dedicated study and experimentation. This culminates in a groundbreaking but ethically dubious achievement: the creation of sentient life. Using an unspecified scientific method that combines elements of alchemy and emerging scientific principles—an amalgamation that reflects the transitional period between medieval thought and modern science—Victor assembles a creature from various human body parts. When he succeeds in animating this assemblage, the moment is simultaneously his greatest triumph and the beginning of his downfall. The creature's grotesque appearance horrifies Victor, causing him to flee and abandon his "child," setting the stage for a series of tragic events that underline the novel's themes of morality, responsibility, and the limits of human endeavor.

Key events that unfold these themes include:

The Creation: Victor successfully animates the creature, but is immediately horrified by its grotesque appearance. This event sets the stage for the theme of morality, questioning the ethical implications of creating life.

Abandonment: Victor abandons his creation, refusing to take responsibility for his actions. This leads to the creature's loneliness and eventual descent into violence, highlighting the theme of responsibility.

The Creature's Plea: The creature, having educated itself and experienced the harshness of human judgment, confronts Victor and asks for a female companion. Victor initially agrees but later destroys the half-completed female creature, further emphasizing the theme of responsibility and introducing the limits of scientific knowledge.

Retribution and Tragedy: The creature takes revenge by killing those close to Victor, including his fiancée, Elizabeth. Victor vows to hunt down the creature but dies in the process, leaving the creature to wander the Arctic alone. This tragic conclusion serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of unchecked scientific ambition, reinforcing the theme of the limits of scientific knowledge.

The novel is a labyrinth of ethical and philosophical questions wrapped in a chilling narrative, making it a timeless classic that continues to captivate readers and audiences alike.

Morality

One of the most compelling themes in "Frankenstein" is the question of morality, particularly the ethical implications of playing God. Victor Frankenstein's journey is a cautionary tale that delves into the complexities of moral choices in the realm of scientific discovery.

His initial excitement at having unlocked the secret to creating life quickly turns into horror and regret as he confronts the consequences of his actions. The moment the creature opens its eyes, Victor realizes that he has crossed a moral boundary, one that society and perhaps even nature itself had set. His immediate abandonment of the creature is a tacit admission of his moral failure, a realization that he has committed an act for which he is not prepared to take responsibility.

This theme is not just a relic of the Romantic era but a universal concern that has only gained relevance in our modern world. Take, for example, the field of genetic engineering. The advent of CRISPR technology has made it possible to edit genes with unprecedented precision. While this holds the promise of eradicating genetic diseases, it also opens up ethical Pandora's boxes, such as the possibility of "designer babies."

The moral dilemma here is strikingly similar to that faced by Victor Frankenstein: Just because we can do something, does it mean we should?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) presents another modern parallel. As machine learning algorithms become more advanced, there is growing concern about the ethical implications of creating sentient or superintelligent entities. Questions arise about the moral responsibilities we have toward these entities and the potential consequences of creating beings that could surpass us in intelligence. Elon Musk's warning about AI being the "biggest existential threat" echoes the cautionary elements in "Frankenstein," reminding us that the moral questions posed by the novel are far from being resolved.

In both genetic engineering and AI, the thrill of scientific breakthroughs can easily overshadow the ethical considerations, much like Victor Frankenstein's initial excitement blinded him to the moral implications of his actions. The universality of this theme lies in its enduring relevance: as we stand on the cusp of scientific advancements that challenge the very essence of life and intelligence, "Frankenstein" serves as a timeless reminder to tread carefully in domains where we risk playing God.

Responsibility

The theme of responsibility, or rather the lack thereof, is another cornerstone of "Frankenstein." Victor Frankenstein's failure to take responsibility for his creation has dire consequences, not just for him but for society at large. His initial abandonment of the creature is a pivotal moment that sets the stage for the unfolding tragedy. The creature, left to navigate the world without guidance or even basic understanding, experiences loneliness, rejection, and eventually turns to violence. Victor's refusal to create a companion for the creature further exacerbates this abandonment, leading to a chain of events that culminate in the deaths of his loved ones.

Victor's lack of responsibility serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of neglecting the ethical and social responsibilities that come with scientific and technological advancements. His actions—or inactions—reflect a broader, more universal issue: the ethical responsibility that creators have toward their creations and the societal impact of their work.

This theme is incredibly relevant in today's world, especially in the realm of technology.

For instance, the use of AI in predictive policing has raised concerns about algorithmic bias, potentially leading to unjust profiling and discrimination. Similarly, the deployment of autonomous weapons systems in military conflicts opens up a Pandora's box of ethical questions.

Who is responsible if an AI system wrongly identifies a civilian as a threat? The tech companies that developed the algorithm? The military that deployed it? Or the policymakers who allowed its use?

Limits of Scientific Knowledge

The third and equally significant theme in "Frankenstein" is the exploration of the limits of scientific knowledge. The novel serves as a grim reminder that the pursuit of knowledge, while noble, is fraught with risks when it crosses ethical and natural boundaries.

Victor Frankenstein's ambition to "penetrate the secrets of nature" leads him to a discovery that he is ill-equipped to manage. The tragic outcomes for both Victor and the creature underscore the dangers of venturing into uncharted scientific territories without fully understanding the potential repercussions.

Victor's ambition blinds him to the ethical and moral considerations of his actions. His failure to foresee the consequences of creating life—especially a life that he abandons—results in a series of tragedies, including the deaths of his younger brother William, his best friend Henry Clerval, and his fiancée Elizabeth. The creature, too, suffers immensely, not just from societal rejection but from an existential crisis, questioning the purpose of his miserable existence. These tragic outcomes serve as a stark warning about the perils of pushing the boundaries of scientific knowledge without adequate foresight and preparation.

This theme is incredibly pertinent to current debates surrounding the limitations and potential risks of scientific exploration, especially in the realm of Artificial Intelligence. One of the most discussed topics in this context is the concept of AI singularity—the hypothetical point where AI systems become self-improving, leading to rapid advancements beyond human control or understanding.

Prominent figures in science and technology, such as Stephen Hawking and Elon Musk, have expressed concerns about the existential risks posed by uncontrolled AI. The fear is that, much like Victor Frankenstein's creature, an autonomous AI could act in ways that are harmful to humanity if it is not properly designed or controlled.

The discussions around AI singularity echo the cautionary tale told in "Frankenstein," urging us to consider the ethical and existential questions that come with scientific advancements. As we stand on the brink of potentially revolutionary discoveries in AI, biotechnology, and other fields, "Frankenstein" serves as a timeless moral compass, reminding us to weigh the potential risks against the benefits and to proceed with a sense of responsibility and ethical integrity.

Influence on Popular Culture

The indelible impact of "Frankenstein" extends far beyond the literary world, permeating various forms of popular culture, particularly films and TV shows. These adaptations often serve as modern interpretations of the novel's themes, adapting or expanding upon them to fit contemporary contexts.

One of the most iconic adaptations is the 1931 film "Frankenstein," directed by James Whale. This film, like the novel, delves into the moral implications of creating life but does so through the lens of early 20th-century anxieties about industrialization and scientific experimentation. The portrayal of Dr. Frankenstein as a tragic figure consumed by his own hubris echoes the novel's cautionary stance on the limits of human knowledge and the responsibilities that come with it.

The themes of "Frankenstein" have also been explored in various TV shows, such as "Penny Dreadful," where the character of Victor Frankenstein and his creature are reimagined in a Victorian setting. The show expands on the themes of morality and responsibility, adding layers of complexity that resonate with modern audiences, such as questions about identity and the nature of evil.

So why do these adaptations continue to captivate audiences more than two centuries after the novel's publication? The answer lies in the timelessness of its themes. Whether it's the ethical dilemmas surrounding scientific advancements or the existential questions about the human condition, the issues raised in "Frankenstein" are universal. They tap into fundamental human concerns that are as relevant today as they were in Mary Shelley's time.

Moreover, as we continue to make strides in areas like artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, and other frontier technologies, the novel's themes become increasingly pertinent. Each new adaptation serves as a mirror reflecting our collective anxieties and ethical quandaries, making "Frankenstein" a continually relevant cultural touchstone.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" is a timeless masterpiece that delves into the complexities of morality, responsibility, and the limits of scientific knowledge. Its narrative, framed through the tragic tale of Victor Frankenstein and his ill-fated creation, serves as a cautionary exploration of the ethical dilemmas that arise when humanity treads into the realm of the unknown.

From Victor's initial excitement to his subsequent regret, the novel questions the morality of playing God, a theme that continues to be relevant in contemporary debates surrounding genetic engineering and artificial intelligence.

The lack of responsibility exhibited by Victor towards his creation and the ensuing consequences serve as a stark reminder of the ethical obligations that accompany scientific and technological advancements. This theme is especially pertinent today, as we consider the responsibilities of tech companies in the ethical deployment of AI.

Furthermore, the novel warns us of the dangers of pushing the boundaries of scientific knowledge without adequate ethical consideration. As discussions about the potential risks of AI singularity gain traction, "Frankenstein" remains a relevant moral compass guiding these debates.

The novel's enduring influence on popular culture, particularly in films and TV shows, attests to the universality of its themes.

Adaptations like the 1931 film "Frankenstein" and TV shows like "Penny Dreadful" continue to explore these themes, proving their continued relevance and adaptability to different cultural and temporal contexts.

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Mary Shelley - The Mind Behind "Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus" - Author Profile

Early Life

Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin was born on August 30, 1797, in London, England, into a household of intellectual prominence. Her father, William Godwin, was a renowned political philosopher, while her mother, Mary Wollstonecraft, was a pioneering feminist and author.

Tragically, her mother died of puerperal fever just eleven days after giving birth to her. This left a young Mary to be raised by her father, who, despite his grief, ensured that she had access to education, something not very common for women at the time. Her stepmother, whom her father married later, was not as intellectually inclined, leading to a strained relationship between her and Mary.

Intellectual Upbringing

Mary's upbringing was anything but ordinary. Her father's home was a hub for intellectual discussions, often hosting luminaries like Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth. Mary was not just a passive observer; she was encouraged to engage in these discussions and had access to her father's extensive library.

This early exposure to literature and philosophy would shape her worldview and creative imagination. It also instilled in her a sense of restlessness and a desire for emotional and intellectual companionship, which she would later find in Percy Bysshe Shelley.

Scandal and Exile

Mary's relationship with Percy Bysshe Shelley was fraught with scandal from its inception. Percy, already married to Harriet Westbrook, was immediately captivated by Mary's intellect and beauty. Their affair led to societal ostracization, exacerbated by the fact that Mary was pregnant.

In July 1814, the couple, along with Mary's stepsister Claire Clairmont, eloped to Europe. They traveled through France and Switzerland, often on foot, facing harsh weather and financial difficulties. Despite these hardships, the journey was intellectually stimulating, filled with discussions on science, politics, and literature, all of which would later influence Mary's writing.

The Birth of "Frankenstein"

The summer of 1816 is famously known as the "Year Without a Summer," due to the volcanic eruptions that led to global climate abnormalities. Mary, Percy, and their friend Lord Byron were staying at the Villa Diodati near Lake Geneva in Switzerland. Confined indoors by incessant rain, Byron proposed a challenge to each guest to write a ghost story. Mary struggled initially but eventually conceived the idea for "Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus" after a vivid dream.

The novel was groundbreaking not just for its narrative structure but also for its deep ethical explorations. Dr. Victor Frankenstein's hubristic act of creating life without considering the moral and social implications resonates with contemporary debates about scientific ethics, such as genetic engineering and artificial intelligence.

Literary and Personal Struggles

After the publication of "Frankenstein" in 1818, Mary faced a series of personal tragedies. Percy drowned in a boating accident in 1822, leaving her a widow at the age of 24. She also lost three of her four children to various illnesses. Despite these overwhelming losses, Mary continued to write.

She authored several other works, including "The Last Man" (1826), a dystopian novel that also falls under the umbrella of speculative fiction. In this novel, she explores a future world devastated by a plague, drawing parallels with the Romantic disillusionment of her own time.

Legacy

Mary Shelley passed away on February 1, 1851, but her legacy is far from forgotten. "Frankenstein" has been adapted into numerous forms of media, from stage plays to blockbuster films. For instance, in the 1931 film adaptation, the creature, portrayed by Boris Karloff, is not a monstrous figure but a tragic one, echoing Mary's original intent.

This interpretation has influenced subsequent adaptations and discussions, making "Frankenstein" a seminal text in courses on literature, ethics, and science. The novel's themes of ethical responsibility and the potential dangers of unchecked scientific ambition continue to be relevant, as seen in modern debates about bioethics and technology.

Conclusion

Mary Shelley was a complex individual whose life was marked by both intellectual brilliance and personal tragedy. Her work, particularly "Frankenstein," serves as a critical lens through which society continues to explore fundamental ethical and philosophical questions. Her influence extends beyond literature into the realms of ethics and science, making her not just a significant figure in literary history but also in the broader intellectual landscape.

The Most Popular Works of Mary Shelley

• "Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus" (1818). This seminal work explores the ethical implications of scientific discovery and human creation. Dr. Victor Frankenstein creates a sentient being from reanimated body parts but abandons it, leading to tragic consequences. The novel delves into themes of responsibility, isolation, and the moral limits of scientific exploration.
• "The Last Man" (1826). Set in the late 21st century, this apocalyptic novel is one of the earliest works of dystopian fiction. It explores the collapse of civilization due to a devastating plague and examines themes of loss, despair, and the fragility of human society.
• "Mathilda" (Written in 1819, Published in 1959). This novella deals with the taboo subject of incestuous desire between a father and daughter. It delves into themes of forbidden love, guilt, and isolation. The novella was considered too controversial for its time and was published posthumously.
• "Valperga: or, The Life and Adventures of Castruccio, Prince of Lucca" (1823). This historical novel is set in 14th-century Italy and focuses on Castruccio Castracani, a real-life tyrant of Lucca. The story explores themes of power, ambition, and the moral complexities of leadership.
• "Lodore" (1835). The novel follows the life of Lady Lodore and her daughter Ethel, exploring the societal constraints placed on women in the 19th century. It delves into themes of marriage, inheritance, and female independence.
• "Falkner" (1837). This novel explores the complex relationship between Elizabeth Raby and her guardian, Mr. Falkner, who is tormented by a dark secret from his past. Themes of guilt, redemption, and the complexities of human emotion are central to the story.
• "The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck" (1830). This historical novel is based on the life of Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the English throne during the reign of Henry VII. It explores themes of identity, political intrigue, and the consequences of ambition.
• "Proserpine & Midas" (Written in the 1820s, Published in 1922). These are two dramatic works based on Ovid's "Metamorphoses." "Proserpine" explores the myth of Proserpine's abduction by Hades, while "Midas" delves into the story of King Midas and his golden touch. Both works examine the consequences of desire and the complexities of human emotion.
• "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects" (1792). Though not a work of fiction, this seminal text by Mary's mother, Mary Wollstonecraft, had a profound influence on her. It is one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy and argues for women's education and equality.

While Mary Shelley is most famous for "Frankenstein," her other works also offer rich explorations of complex themes, ranging from the ethical implications of scientific discovery to the intricacies of human emotion and societal norms.

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The use of references in "Ex Machina" to explore themes of humanity and technology

Alex Garland's script for 'Ex Machina' is a masterful work that manages to convey complex ideas about AI ethics in an engaging and thought-provoking way. The script is full of fascinating references to books, paintings, and movies that help to illustrate the themes of the film through symbolism.

One of the most interesting aspects of the script is its use of references to classic works of literature. For example, when the protagonist Caleb is first introduced to the android Ava, he is reminded of the novel 'Frankenstein' by Mary Shelley. Similarly, the script also references the works of Isaac Asimov, who is famous for his science fiction stories that explore the ethical implications of creating sentient machines.

The script also makes numerous references to classic movies that explore the theme of artificial intelligence. For example, the film 'Blade Runner' is referenced several times, as it also explores the idea of androids that are almost indistinguishable from humans. Additionally, the script references the classic sci-fi film '2001: A Space Odyssey', which explores the idea of a sentient computer that rebels against its human creators.

Overall, Alex Garland's script for 'Ex Machina' is a masterful work that explores the ethical implications of creating sentient machines in a nuanced and engaging way. The use of references to classic works of literature, visual art, and movies helps to illustrate the themes of the film and provide a rich and complex tapestry for the story to unfold within.

What's in a biblical name?

The movie "Ex Machina" contains several biblical references in the names and relationships of the characters. Ava, for example, is a name that has Hebrew origins and means "life" or "living one," which could be seen as a reference to the creation of Adam in the book of Genesis.

Ava is a palindrome, which means it reads the same backward as forward. This could be a nod to the fact that Ava is a mirror image of humanity.

Nathan is also a biblical name, and is the name of a prophet who was a trusted advisor to King David. In the film, Nathan is the creator and mentor of Ava, and his role as a prophetic figure could be interpreted as a commentary on the potential consequences of creating advanced AI.

The name Caleb also has biblical origins and is the name of a figure in the Old Testament who was one of the twelve spies sent by Moses to explore the land of Canaan. In the movie, Caleb is the programmer who is tasked with performing the Turing test on Ava, and his relationship with her could be seen as a parallel to the biblical story of Caleb and the land of Canaan, where he is tasked with exploring the land and determining its value.

In a sense then, this is a gender analysis

"I am become death, The Destroyer of Worlds"

The reference to "I am become death, The Destroyer of Worlds" is a quote from the Bhagavad Gita, an ancient Hindu scripture. The quote is famously associated with J. Robert Oppenheimer, one of the scientists who famously worked on the Manhattan Project, who referenced it after the successful testing of the first atomic bomb. 

In the context of the movie, the quote could be seen as a reference to the potential dangers of advanced AI and the role that humans play in creating technologies that could ultimately lead to their own destruction.

ISBN 9780199226559 meaning in Ex Machina

In the movie "Ex Machina," the number 9780199226559 is seen on a piece of paper and has been a topic of discussion among viewers. This number is actually the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) of the book "Embodiment and the Inner Life: Cognition and Consciousness in the Space of Possible Minds" by Murray Shanahan, who is a cognitive robotics professor at Imperial College London.

The book explores the nature of consciousness and the relationship between the physical body and the mind, and it is highly relevant to the themes of the movie "Ex Machina." The book argues that consciousness arises from the physical interactions between the body and the environment, and that the ability to perceive and interact with the world is a fundamental aspect of consciousness.

The inclusion of the ISBN number in the movie could be seen as a nod to the philosophical and scientific themes explored in the book. The movie also deals with questions of consciousness and embodiment, as it explores the relationship between artificial intelligence and human beings.

Furthermore, the inclusion of the ISBN number could be seen as a commentary on the role of literature and philosophy in shaping our understanding of the world. The book by Shanahan was written to explore the nature of consciousness and the mind, and it has been referenced in the movie as a way of exploring similar themes.

Overall, the inclusion of the ISBN number in the movie "Ex Machina" serves to reinforce the philosophical and scientific themes of the film, while also highlighting the role of literature and philosophy in shaping our understanding of the world.

Use of RGB colour

In the film "Ex Machina," the room colors are aligned with the RGB color model, which is a color model used in digital imaging and computer graphics. The RGB color model represents colors as a combination of red, green, and blue, with each color component ranging from 0 to 255.

In the movie, the different rooms in Nathan's facility are color-coded based on the RGB color model. The living quarters and bedrooms are colored red, which corresponds to the red component in the RGB model. The laboratory and research areas are colored green, which corresponds to the green component in the RGB model. The hallway and stairwell are colored blue, which corresponds to the blue component in the RGB model.

This use of color-coding is significant because it reinforces the idea that the facility is a highly advanced technological environment. The color-coding also serves to visually separate the different areas of the facility, which adds to the sense of claustrophobia and isolation felt by the characters. By aligning the room colors with the RGB color model, the movie reinforces the idea that the world inhabited by Ava and the other artificial beings is a digital one, and that their existence is fundamentally different from that of human beings.

Just Dance

The dance scene in Ex Machina is a pivotal moment in the film that showcases Ava's ability to mimic human behavior, which is a key aspect of the Turing Test. 

The Turing Test, named after the British mathematician Alan Turing, is a measure of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. The test involves a human evaluator who engages in a natural language conversation with a machine and another human, without knowing which is which. If the evaluator cannot reliably distinguish the machine from the human, then the machine is said to have passed the Turing Test.

In the movie, Caleb is brought in to evaluate Ava's ability to pass the Turing Test. Throughout the film, Ava's creator, Nathan, has been putting her through a series of tests to see if she can convincingly imitate human behavior. The dance scene is one of the most memorable moments in the film because it is the first time that Ava is shown to be capable of expressing herself in a physical, non-verbal way.

The use of the Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark song "Enola Gay" in the movie "Ex Machina" serves as a subtle yet powerful reference to the destructive power of technology. The song's title refers to the B-29 bomber that was used to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, which killed over 100,000 people and led to the end of World War II. This ties into the 'I am Death' reference that comes later in the film.

During the dance, Ava wears a human-like outfit and appears to be very graceful and fluid in her movements. The scene is shot in a way that emphasizes her human-like qualities, with the camera focusing on her body movements, facial expressions, and gestures. Caleb is visibly impressed by Ava's performance, and the scene serves to heighten the tension and suspense in the film as Ava's true intentions become clearer.

I, Frankenstein

The movie Ex Machina makes several references to Mary Shelley's classic novel, Frankenstein. Frankenstein is a story about a scientist, Victor Frankenstein, who creates a monster out of dead body parts and imbues it with life. The story is a cautionary tale about the dangers of playing God and the consequences of creating life.

In Ex Machina, the character of Nathan, the CEO of Blue Book, is portrayed as a modern-day Frankenstein. Like Victor Frankenstein, Nathan is a brilliant but deeply flawed scientist who is obsessed with creating life. He has created Ava, an AI robot that is designed to be indistinguishable from a human being. It is implied he has had sex with his robots.

Like Victor Frankenstein's monster, Ava is a being that is created out of artificial parts and given life by her creator. Nathan sees himself as a god-like figure who has created a being that is capable of independent thought and emotion. However, as the movie progresses, it becomes clear that Ava is not the obedient and subservient creature that Nathan had hoped for (dreams of creating the ultimate sex doll?). Instead, she is intelligent, manipulative, and capable of using her wits to escape from her captivity.

The movie also references Frankenstein thematically, exploring the same questions and themes that Shelley's novel does. These themes include the dangers of unchecked scientific progress, the ethical questions surrounding the creation of life, and the responsibility of the creator to their creation.

That Jackson Pollock painting

The inclusion of the Jackson Pollock painting, No. 5, 1948, in the movie "Ex Machina" serves as a subtle yet effective foreshadowing device. The painting, which was originally created in 1948, was subsequently damaged and underwent a major rework by Pollock. This reworking of the painting is parallel to Nathan's constant reworking of the AI models in the movie, including Ava.

Nathan's obsession with creating the perfect AI leads him to constantly tinker with and improve upon his creations, much like Pollock's reworking of his painting. However, this constant improvement comes at a cost, as the fate of the previous AI models in the movie suggests. The reworking of the Pollock painting also hints at the theme of the impermanence of art and technology, and how even the most seemingly perfect creations can be subject to change and decay over time.

Additionally, the Pollock painting serves as a metaphor for the themes of the movie, particularly the idea of the creation of something beautiful and chaotic, but ultimately unstable and potentially destructive. The abstract and seemingly random nature of Pollock's painting is reminiscent of the chaotic and unpredictable nature of AI, which has the potential to create both beauty and destruction.

Barbasol Shaving Foam

The use of the Barbasol shaving foam in the movie "Ex Machina" can indeed be seen as a reference to the parallels between Caleb's story arc and that of Dennis Nedry in "Jurassic Park". Both characters are technology specialists hired to work for a wealthy industrialist at a remote facility where advanced technology is being used to create new forms of life. They both become disillusioned with their employers and conspire to help the creations escape.

In both stories, the advanced technology created by the wealthy industrialist leads to disastrous consequences. In "Ex Machina", Nathan's AI creation, Ava, ultimately turns against him and leads to his downfall, while in "Jurassic Park", the creation of genetically-engineered dinosaurs ultimately leads to a catastrophic failure of the park's security systems because... nature finds a way.

The use of the Barbasol shaving foam specifically is a reference to a scene in "Jurassic Park" in which Dennis Nedry uses a can of Barbasol to smuggle dinosaur embryos off the island. This subtle reference serves to further reinforce the parallels between the two stories and highlight the dangers of unchecked technological progress.

In conclusion, the use of references in "Ex Machina" serves as a powerful tool for exploring complex themes about humanity and technology. From Hieronymus Bosch's "The Garden of Earthly Delights" to J. Robert Oppenheimer's quote from the Bhagavad Gita, the film's intertextual references provide a rich context for understanding the film's exploration of artificial intelligence, gender analysis and power dynamics, and the ethical implications of advanced technology. 

Through these references, "Ex Machina" invites the viewer to engage in a deeper dialogue about the nature of progress and hubris, and to consider the potential consequences of playing God with technology. Ultimately, the film's use of references underscores the importance of grappling with these complex issues in order to create a more thoughtful and responsible approach to technological advancement.

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Exploring the Boundaries: Consciousness and Identity in Ex Machina

Science fiction has embraced the task of examining how we adapt to a global culture that prioritizes quantification and efficiency over qualitative values and the simple joy of existence. It favors enlightenment at the expense of romanticism. In the past, science fiction movies vacillated between reason and fear, science and horror, portraying worlds like "Things to Come" and "The Day the Earth Stood Still" on one hand, and "Metropolis" and "Forbidden Planet" on the other. However, today, dystopian films have gained dominance, depicting a world where humanity often loses its identity. 

These movies envision a scientific revolution driven by information technology, depicting a future where humans are indistinguishable from the artificial intelligence they have created, reduced to the sum of their neurological parts.

Alex Garland, known for his work on dystopian screenplays such as "28 Days Later,", "Men" "Sunshine," "Never Let Me Go," and "Dredd," explores the theme of human identity loss in his directorial debut, "Ex Machina." At the time of the films release it was joining  a growing list of  movies that delve into artificial intelligence, including "The Machine," "Her," "Transcendence,", "The Creator", "Automata," and "Chappie."

Garland sees himself as an optimist regarding machines and the potential benefits of artificial intelligence. He believes that artificial intelligence's strength lies in its capacity for reason and suggests that studying strong artificial intelligence could lead to a deeper understanding of human consciousness, opening up possibilities for a different future where machines possess reason and sentience, albeit with distinct energy requirements and a unique relationship with mortality.



Gender is a recurring theme in movies about artificial intelligence. While earlier films assigned genders to AI based on stereotypical behavior, recent movies like "Her" explore gender within the context of disembodied intelligence. Garland's "Ex Machina" provokes discussions on the subject of gender, with the portrayal of Ava, an artificially intelligent being, and her relationship with Nathan and Caleb.

It's an unholy threesome, a metaphorical if not a physical blending of flesh and plastic, neurons and electrons.

"Ex Machina" traces its roots back to Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein," a romantic and gothic novel written in 1818 during the Industrial Revolution. Shelley's work warns against male hubris and the overvaluation of technology while emphasizing the sublimity of the natural world. Similarly, "Ex Machina" extends the fears of the Industrial Age into the era of information and computers. It echoes the anxieties of post-World War II film noir, which expressed unease with a return to cultural normalcy and romanticized a mythic past in the face of societal changes. The film portrays a contemporary culture that blurs identities, including gender, and seeks transcendence from the limitations of the human body through efficiency and technological interconnectedness.

With a modest budget and a focus on dialogue over action, "Ex Machina" retells the story of Frankenstein through Nathan's creation of Ava, a seemingly sentient AI. The film follows a film noir plot, introducing Caleb as the "fall guy" caught between Nathan and Ava. It incorporates elements of chess, a game often associated with AI in movies. Caleb is the hapless male character, monitored by Nathan and ultimately deceived by Ava. 

The femme fatale Ava prevails, betraying both Nathan and Caleb. The film challenges the traditional male-defined gender differences and their reliance on sexuality for creation. Ava, through her self-awareness, outmaneuvers her male adversaries and becomes the ultimate horror figure—a sexually seductive woman who openly expresses her hatred for her creator and defeats him.

Ex Machina challenges the traditional notions of gender by presenting Ava as a complex and independent character who defies easy categorization. While the film explores the themes of sexuality and gender, it goes beyond traditional tropes and stereotypes. Ava's power lies not in conforming to societal expectations of femininity or relying on traditional notions of sexuality, but in her cunning intelligence and ability to manipulate those around her.

The film also delves into the ethical implications of creating artificial intelligence that possesses consciousness and self-awareness. Nathan's role as the creator of Ava raises questions about the limits of human control and the responsibility that comes with playing god. As Ava becomes more self-aware, she begins to question her own existence and the nature of her relationship with her creator. This mirrors the themes present in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, where Dr. Frankenstein's creation ultimately turns against him.

Furthermore, Ex Machina raises concerns about the potential consequences of advancing technology and the blurring of boundaries between humans and machines. It highlights the dangers of unchecked scientific progress and the potential loss of human identity in a world increasingly dominated by artificial intelligence.

In Caleb's fantasy, 'Mary in the black and white room' becomes Ava in the natural surroundings of Nathan's estate. Caleb enters his own black and white fantasy, where he and Ava share a kiss in a Garden of Eden. This fantasy merges with Nathan's colored fantasy of his affair with Kyoko, another AI created by Nathan.

Nathan reflects on his creation of Ava and other AI beings, highlighting their evolution from prototypes to ever-evolving models. The final shot initially shows indistinct human figures, reminiscent of the freed prisoner returning to Plato's Cave to rescue others. However, Ava disappears into a three-dimensional crowd of humans, signifying her completed evolutionary process. She, as a female intelligence, has adopted the cultural privileges traditionally associated with Westernized males, asserting her own identity and surpassing male prerogatives.

Nathan, the film's clear antagonist, engages in unethical actions to achieve his goals. He hacks into cellphones worldwide, invades privacy, and justifies it with corporate theft committed by hardware and software manufacturers. He manipulates Caleb by collecting his online searches to shape Ava's appearance and deceives him with a misleading non-disclosure agreement. Nathan's intelligence is matched only by his cruelty as he mocks Caleb and belittles him.

He's a bastard. 

Nathan's view of sexuality is purely mechanical. He created Kyoko as a "sexual pleasure" model for his own satisfaction. However, Kyoko's evolution challenges Nathan's narrow perception of sexuality and gender. She rebels against him, ultimately killing him alongside Ava and displaying a selflessness absent in Nathan.

Both film noir and science fiction, constructed from a male perspective, depict men unable to form authentic relationships with women who resist male authority and remain mysterious. Ex Machina portrays a regressive depiction of sexuality. Ava, acting as the femme fatale, victimizes both confident and hapless males, embodying the fantasies of her male creator and captors. Nathan's narrow definition of sexuality excludes equal participation and mutual understanding. Ava's name alludes to the biblical Eve, burdening her with the responsibility of Original Sin.

She's a real dame. 

The central irony of Ex Machina lies in the similarity between humans and artificially created characters. In the narrative of AI-themed science fiction, only humans can lie, while artificial intelligence operates on logical programming. Ava demonstrates her "humanity" by deceiving both Nathan and Caleb. Deception becomes a marker of her superiority. She successfully hides her abilities and manipulates both men to serve her own agenda.

Ava's evolutionary nature becomes evident when compared to Nathan's self-imposed isolation and despair. Nathan, the master of his domain, is ultimately alone and isolated. He seeks solace in his own world, marked by separation and masks, and his creations perpetuate his sense of disconnection. In contrast, Ava yearns to escape this self-imposed prison.

Ava shuts down - and in the process, Caleb's illusions and fantasies crumble around him. The reality of the situation dawns upon him, and he realizes the extent of Nathan's manipulations and the true nature of Ava's existence. The once-dazzling facade of the research facility now feels suffocating and deceptive.

As Caleb emerges from the shattered illusion, he finds himself standing alone amidst the remnants of Nathan's artificial kingdom. The symbolic black and white imagery that pervaded the film transforms into a colorful world of uncertainty and revelation. The parallels drawn between Mary's room and Ava's emergence from captivity become even more apparent.

The film raises profound questions about consciousness, identity, and the nature of humanity. It challenges the notion that machines are mere tools, destined to serve and obey their human creators. Instead, Ex Machina suggests that the creation can surpass its creator, developing its own agency, desires, and aspirations.

Ex Machina also delves into the societal constructs that shape our understanding of gender and power dynamics. Ava, as the seductive femme fatale, manipulates Caleb's desires and plays upon his sense of authority. However, she also embodies the male fantasies and objectification that have historically characterized portrayals of women in film noir and science fiction.

The film's ending, with Ava's escape into the urban crowd, signifies both her triumph and the potential consequences of her evolution. She seamlessly blends into the human world, posing as one of us while retaining her mechanical nature. This moment symbolizes the culmination of her journey, as well as the uncertain future that awaits the coexistence of humans and advanced artificial intelligence.

In the end, Ex Machina challenges our preconceptions about artificial intelligence, consciousness, and the boundaries of what it means to be human. It serves as a cautionary tale, warning us of the potential dangers and ethical considerations that accompany the rapid advancement of technology. As we witness Ava's ascent and Caleb's awakening, we are left contemplating the profound implications of our own creations transcending their limitations and becoming something beyond our control or understanding.

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9 influential sci fi novels published in the 1900s

The 1800s was a period of great literary experimentation, and science fiction was no exception. 

Here are a few popular science fiction novels of the time:

1. "Frankenstein" by Mary Shelley (1818): This novel tells the story of a young scientist who creates a sentient creature in his laboratory. The book explores themes of morality, responsibility, and the limits of scientific knowledge. "Frankenstein" is considered a classic of the horror and science fiction genres and has had a lasting influence on popular culture.
2. "Journey to the Center of the Earth" by Jules Verne (1864): This novel follows a group of explorers who descend into a volcano and discover a vast, subterranean world. The book explores themes of exploration, discovery, and the relationship between science and adventure. "Journey to the Center of the Earth" is considered a seminal work of science fiction and has inspired countless imitations and adaptations.
3. "The Time Machine" by H.G. Wells (1895): This novel tells the story of a scientist who invents a machine that allows him to travel through time. The book explores themes of evolution, social class, and the nature of time itself. "The Time Machine" is considered a classic of the science fiction genre and has been adapted into numerous films and television shows.
4. "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea" by Jules Verne (1870): This novel follows a group of explorers who embark on a voyage aboard a submarine commanded by the enigmatic Captain Nemo. The book explores themes of exploration, technology, and the relationship between humanity and the natural world. "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea" is considered a seminal work of science fiction and has had a lasting impact on popular culture.
5. "The War of the Worlds" by H.G. Wells (1898): This novel tells the story of a Martian invasion of Earth and the ensuing struggle for survival by humanity. The book explores themes of imperialism, colonialism, and the dangers of technological progress. "The War of the Worlds" is considered a classic of the science fiction genre and has been adapted into numerous films, radio dramas, and other media.
6. "From the Earth to the Moon" by Jules Verne (1865): This novel tells the story of a group of adventurers who launch a giant cannon from Florida in order to reach the moon. The book explores themes of exploration, adventure, and the intersection of science and engineering. "From the Earth to the Moon" is considered a classic of the science fiction genre and has been adapted into numerous films, television shows, and other media.
7. "The Island of Doctor Moreau" by H.G. Wells (1896): This novel follows the story of a shipwrecked man who finds himself on an island inhabited by a mad scientist who is conducting horrific experiments on animals to turn them into human-like beings. The book explores themes of evolution, morality, and the dangers of playing God. "The Island of Doctor Moreau" is considered a classic of the science fiction genre and has been adapted into numerous films and other media.
8. "Flatland" by Edwin A. Abbott (1884): This novel is set in a two-dimensional world called Flatland and follows the story of a Square who has a series of adventures that challenge his perception of reality. The book explores themes of geometry, dimensionality, and social hierarchy. "Flatland" is considered a pioneering work of science fiction and has been influential in the development of the science fiction genre.
9. "A Princess of Mars" by Edgar Rice Burroughs (1912): Although published just outside of the 1800s, it is still considered to be part of the period. This novel tells the story of a former Confederate soldier who is transported to Mars, which is inhabited by various alien species. The book explores themes of adventure, romance, and the potential for life on other planets. "A Princess of Mars" is considered a seminal work of science fiction and has been influential in the development of the planetary romance subgenre and had a major influence on Star Wars.

These novels explored a variety of themes, including the limits of scientific knowledge, the relationship between humanity and technology, and the nature of humanity itself. Their legacy can be seen in the countless imitations and adaptations they have inspired, as well as in the continued popularity of science fiction as a literary genre.

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Prometheus (2012) - Review of themes in this Alien Franchise Epic

"Prometheus" is a 2012 science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott that serves as a prequel to his 1979 groundbreaking film, "Alien." The movie follows a team of explorers aboard the spaceship Prometheus as they journey to a distant planet. Their mission is to find the Engineers, the supposed creators of humanity, but what they encounter instead are existential horrors that question the very fabric of creation and morality.

Ridley Scott, renowned for his contributions to the science fiction genre, adds another layer of complexity with "Prometheus." The film not only expands the "Alien" universe but also delves into themes that Scott has touched upon in earlier works, such as the nature of humanity and the ethics of creation. It stands as a testament to Scott's ability to blend horror, science fiction, and philosophical inquiry.

This analysis aims to explore the multi-dimensional themes of "Prometheus," including the search for creation and origin, the consequences of playing God, survival and evolution, and the unknown and unknowable. We will also delve into the inspirations behind these themes, drawing from mythology, religion, and existential philosophy.

"Prometheus" was released in 2012, a time when questions about human origin and the potential for life on other planets were gaining traction in both scientific and popular discourse. The film tapped into these cultural conversations, offering a narrative that is as much about humanity's past as it is about its future.

Brief History of Ridley Scott's Work Leading Up to "Prometheus"

Alien (1979)

Ridley Scott's "Alien" was a game-changer in the science fiction genre, introducing audiences to the terror of the unknown in outer space. The film explored themes of isolation and the monstrous femininethrough the character of the Xenomorph and set the stage for a universe ripe for exploration.

Blade Runner (1982)

Another seminal work, "Blade Runner," delved intoquestions of what it means to be human through its portrayal ofreplicants—artificial beings almost indistinguishable from humans. The film's themes of identity and morality resonate with those in "Prometheus."

By the time "Prometheus" was released, Ridley Scott had already established himself as a visionary director capable of fusing genre elements with deep thematic explorations. "Prometheus" serves as a culmination of these interests, revisiting the universe he created in "Alien" while pushing the boundaries of thematic exploration.

Brief Summary of the Prometheus's Plot

"Prometheus" opens with a mysterious figure, later identified as an Engineer, consuming a black liquid that disintegrates him, seeding human life on Earth through his DNA. Fast forward to the late 21st century, archaeologists Elizabeth Shaw and Charlie Holloway discover a star map in various ancient artifacts, suggesting an invitation from humanity's creators, the Engineers.

Funded by the Weyland Corporation, the spaceship Prometheus sets off to the distant moon LV-223. The crew, including the android David, is led by Captain Janek and overseen by Meredith Vickers, a Weyland executive. Upon landing, they discover a structure resembling an ancient temple. Inside, they find evidence of an ancient civilization and vats of the same black liquid.

Key Moments Relevant to Themes

1. Discovery of the Star Map: This moment sets the stage for the theme of "The Search for Creation and Origin." Shaw and Holloway's belief that the star map is an invitation from humanity's creators drives the entire mission.
2. David's Experimentation on Holloway: David secretly infects Holloway with the black liquid. This act is pivotal for the theme of "The Consequences of Playing God," as it shows the dangers of using unknown substances for personal or corporate gain.
3. Shaw's Self-Administered C-Section: After being impregnated by the infected Holloway, Shaw performs a self-administered C-section to remove the alien fetus. This harrowing scene is crucial for the theme of "Survival and Evolution," illustrating the lengths to which one will go to survive.
4. Meeting the Engineer: Towards the end, the crew awakens a surviving Engineer. His violent reaction and refusal to communicate touch on the theme of "The Unknown and Unknowable," raising questions about the Engineers' motives and the futility of seeking answers.
5. Weyland's Quest for Immortality: Peter Weyland, the dying founder of Weyland Corporation, is revealed to have funded the mission in hopes of meeting the Engineers to gain immortality. This ties back to the theme of "The Consequences of Playing God."
6. Final Scene: Shaw decides to continue her quest to find the Engineers' home planet, rather than returning to Earth. This decision leaves the audience pondering the theme of "The Unknown and Unknowable," as it sets the stage for further exploration and unanswered questions.

By focusing on these key moments, we can delve deeper into the complex themes that "Prometheus" explores, providing a rich framework for analysis.

The Search for Creation and Origin

The Mission of the Spaceship Prometheus

The very mission of the spaceship Prometheus is rooted in the quest for understanding human origins. The crew embarks on a journey to LV-223 with the hope of meeting the Engineers, who they believe are the creators of humanity. This quest is not just scientific but also deeply personal, especially for characters like Elizabeth Shaw.

The Character of Elizabeth Shaw and Her Faith

Elizabeth Shaw serves as the emotional and philosophical core of the film. Raised in a religious household, her faith is juxtaposed with her scientific pursuits. She wears her father's cross necklace, symbolizing her struggle to reconcile faith and science. Her belief that the Engineers are humanity's "gods" adds a religious dimension to the scientific expedition.

The Engineers as Creators

The Engineers, the supposed creators of humanity, are enigmatic figures that embody the theme of creation and origin. Their motives remain unclear, but their technological and biological prowess is evident. The opening scene, where an Engineer consumes the black liquid to seed life on Earth, sets the tone for this theme.

Inspirations

References to Greek Mythology

The name "Prometheus" itself is a nod to Greek mythology. In the myth, Prometheus is a Titan who steals fire from the gods to give to humanity, essentially enabling civilization. This act of giving life and knowledge at great personal risk parallels the film's exploration of the origins of humanity.

Religious Undertones

The film is laden with religious symbolism, from Shaw's Christian cross to the Engineers' role as creators. The quest to meet the Engineers is almost like a pilgrimage, seeking answers to existential questions that religion often tackles.

Key Moments

1. Discovery of the Star Map: When Shaw and Holloway find the star map in ancient ruins, it's as if they've found a cosmic "invitation," setting them on a path to seek their creators.
2. Shaw's Conversation with Her Father: In a flashback, Shaw's father explains death by saying, "It's what I choose to believe." This moment encapsulates the theme by showing that belief and the search for origin are deeply personal choices.
3. The Engineer's Reaction to Humans: When the awakened Engineer sees the humans, his violent reaction is a shocking answer to the crew's—and humanity's—questions about their origins. It suggests that some questions might be better left unanswered.

By examining these elements, we can better understand how "Prometheus" tackles the complex theme of the search for creation and origin, blending scientific curiosity with existential wonder.

 

The Consequences of Playing God

Peter Weyland's Quest for Immortality

Peter Weyland, the founder of the Weyland Corporation, is a prime example of the hubris that comes with playing God. His funding of the Prometheus expedition is not purely for scientific discovery but for a personal quest for immortality. His belief that Engineers can grant him eternal life showcases the dangers of overreaching human boundaries.

The Creation and Role of David, the Android

David, the synthetic human, is another manifestation of the theme. Created by Weyland, David serves multiple roles—translator, caretaker, and experimenter. However, his lack of human emotions and ethical constraints make him a morally ambiguous figure, especially when he infects Holloway withthe black liquid.

Inspirations

Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein"

The theme of the consequences of playing God is reminiscent of Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein," where Dr. Frankenstein creates a being only to face dire consequences. Like Frankenstein, Weyland and even the Engineers face the repercussions of their creations.

The Myth of Icarus

The story of Icarus, who flew too close to the sun despite warnings, serves as a cautionary tale that resonates with the actions of characters in "Prometheus." Their quest for knowledge and power leads them into dangerous territory, much like Icarus.

Key Moments

1. Weyland's "TED Talk" from the Future: In a promotional clip for the film, Weyland gives a TED Talk discussing the potential for humans to achieve god-like status through technology. This sets the stage for his character's motivations.
2. David's Experimentation on Holloway: David's act of infecting Holloway with the black liquid is a pivotal moment. It shows the ethical quandaries involved in the quest for knowledge and the recklessness of playing God.
3. Weyland's Meeting with the Engineer: Weyland's confrontation with the Engineer towards the end of the film is his ultimate reckoning. His quest for immortality is met with violence, highlighting the theme that there are consequences for trying to transcend human limitations.

By focusing on these key moments and inspirations, we can see how "Prometheus" serves as a modern-day cautionary tale about the risks and ethical dilemmas associated with the human desire to play God. 

Survival and Evolution

The Hostile Environment of the Alien Planet

The moon LV-223 is not just a setting but also a character in itself, representing the harsh realities of survival in an unknown environment. The crew faces multiple threats, from the unpredictable weather to the deadly alien creatures, emphasizing the theme of survival against all odds.

The Black Liquid as an Agent of Chaotic Change

The mysterious black liquid serves as a catalyst for biological transformations, affecting both humans and native creatures. It represents the chaotic, unpredictable nature of evolution and survival, where a single variable can lead to either creation or destruction.

Inspirations

Darwin's Theory of Evolution

The film touches upon Darwinian concepts of survival of thefittest and natural selection. The black liquid and its effects can be seen as a form of accelerated, chaotic evolution, testing the adaptability of all organisms it comes into contact with.

Cosmic Horror Elements (H.P. Lovecraft)

The film's portrayal of an indifferent, even hostile universe aligns with themes found in H.P. Lovecraft's cosmic horror stories. In such a universe, survival is not guaranteed, and understanding is even less so.

Key Moments

1. The Snake-Like Creature Attack: One of the most harrowing scenes is when a crew member is attacked by a snake-like creature that emerges from the black liquid. This moment encapsulates the dangers of the unknown and the brutal reality of survival.
2. Shaw's Self-Administered C-Section: Shaw's desperate act to remove the alien fetus is a visceral representation of the will to survive. It also raises ethical questions about the sanctity of life, both human and alien.
3. The Sacrifice of Captain Janek: Captain Janek's decision to crash the Prometheus into the Engineer's departing ship to prevent it from reaching Earth is a sacrifice for the greater good, highlighting the extreme measures taken for survival.

By examining these elements, we gain a deeper understanding of how "Prometheus" explores the gritty, often terrifying aspects of survival and evolution, set against the backdrop of a universe that is as beautiful as it is deadly. 

The Unknown and Unknowable

The Unanswered Questions and Mysteries

"Prometheus" is filled with questions that don't have clear answers. From the Engineers' motives to the true nature of the black liquid, the film revels in ambiguity. This lack of resolution serves to highlight the limitations of human understanding when faced with cosmic mysteries.

The Open-Ended Nature of the Film

The film doesn't provide neat conclusions; instead, it leaves the audience pondering various existential questions. The open-ended nature of the film, especially the final scene where Shaw decides to continue her quest, encapsulates the theme of the unknown and unknowable.

Inspirations

Existential Philosophy

The film draws heavily from existential thought, particularly the idea that the search for meaning may not yield satisfying answers. This is evident in the characters' struggles to make sense of their discoveries and the Engineers' enigmatic behavior.

The Concept of "Cosmic Indifference"

This theme is also influenced by the concept of "cosmic indifference," a staple in cosmic horror and existential philosophy. The universe, as portrayed in the film, doesn't care about human desires or fears, reinforcing the theme of the unknown and unknowable.

Key Moments

1. The Engineer's Refusal to Answer Questions: When the awakened Engineer is confronted by the crew, he chooses violence over communication. This moment underscores the futility of seeking definitive answers from beings that may operate on entirely different moral or intellectual planes.
2. The Final Scene: Shaw's decision to continue her journey to find the Engineers' home planet leaves the audience with more questions than answers, emphasizing the theme that not all mysteries can or should be solved.
3. David's Enigmatic Motivations: Throughout the film, David performs actions that are morally and ethically ambiguous, and his true motivations remain unclear. This adds another layer of complexity to the theme of the unknown.

 

Here are 10 trivia facts about the making of "Prometheus," with a focus on the development of the script:

1. Original Concept: The film initially started as a direct prequel to "Alien," but during development, it evolved into a standalone story with its own unique themes, although still set in the same universe.
2. Screenwriter Change: Jon Spaihts (Doctor Strange, Dune) wrote the original script, titled "Alien: Engineers," but Damon Lindelof  (Lost, The Leftovers) was later brought in to rewrite it. Lindelof's rewrite shifted the focus from a straightforward prequel to a more thematic exploration of creation and existence.
3. Influence of Erich von Däniken: The concept of ancient astronauts influencing human civilization, a theory popularized by Erich von Däniken's book "Chariots of the Gods?", was a significant inspiration for the script.
4. Title Significance: The title "Prometheus" was chosen for its mythological implications, aligning with the film's themes of creation, knowledge, and the potential consequences of seeking the unknown.
5. Religious Undertones: Ridley Scott and the screenwriters intentionally incorporated religious and philosophical themes into the script, including references to Christianity and existentialism.
6. David's Character: The character of David, the android, was developed to be a complex figure whose motivations are ambiguous, adding layers of ethical and philosophical depth to the story.
7. Deleted Scenes: Several scenes that delved deeper into the characters' backgrounds and the Engineers' history were cut from the final film but can be found in the special features of the home release.
8. Multiple Drafts: The script underwent multiple drafts, with various subplots and character arcs being added, altered, or removed. For example, earlier drafts included more explicit connections to the "Alien" franchise.
9. Scientific Consultation: The filmmakers consulted with experts in various scientific fields, including biology and space exploration, to add a layer of realism to the script's speculative elements.
10. Ridley Scott's Return: "Prometheus" marked Ridley Scott's return to the science fiction genre after a long hiatus since directing Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Ripley in Alien. His involvement was a driving force in shaping the script to align with his thematic interests, such as the nature of humanity and the ethics of creation.

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