Poor Things: Themes of Autonomy, Identity, and Power

The world of Poor Things unfolds in a grotesque, sci-fi-inflected Victorian landscape where life, death, and rebirth are reshaped through the scientific lens of Dr. Godwin Baxter. Yet, beneath its surreal aesthetic and speculative premise lies a deeply philosophical inquiry into autonomy, liberation, and societal power structures.

Director Yorgos Lanthimos (The Lobster) and screenwriter Tony McNamara bring Alasdair Gray’s 1992 novel to life with a twisted, darkly humorous lens, using the absurdity of its narrative to magnify questions of what it means to be human. The film’s sci-fi framing is not a mere stylistic choice but a deliberate vehicle to interrogate identity and social constructs.

At the heart of Poor Things is Bella Baxter, a woman resurrected with the brain of an unborn child, whose journey explores the tension between societal expectations and personal liberation. Bella’s transformation from a passive subject to an autonomous being encapsulates the film’s central theme: the reclamation of one’s body and destiny from oppressive forces. This metamorphosis forces viewers to confront their own preconceptions about gender roles, freedom, and human consciousness.

Through its exploration of bodily autonomy, societal power dynamics, and the search for selfhood, Poor Things critiques patriarchal constraints, celebrates radical freedom, and poses the question:

What does it mean to be truly human?

Alasdair Gray’s Poor Things was published in 1992, a period marked by the rise of postmodern literature that questioned traditional narratives and embraced fragmented, self-referential storytelling. Gray’s work is deeply political, engaging with themes of feminism, socialism, and bodily autonomy. His novel reimagines the Frankenstein myth, framing Bella’s resurrection as a political statement rather than a gothic tragedy.

Gray’s socialist leanings are evident in his critique of capitalist structures, particularly through the character of Godwin Baxter, who represents a utopian alternative to patriarchal control.

The film adaptation by Yorgos Lanthimos situates this critique within a visually striking, steampunk-inspired Victorian setting. This aesthetic choice is significant: the Victorian era was a time of rigid social hierarchies, moral conservatism, and strict gender roles. By placing Bella’s story in this context, the film underscores the oppressive structures that women faced historically while highlighting their contemporary relevance.

 

Themes in Poor Things

Bella Baxter’s journey can be read as a feminist allegory about reclaiming bodily autonomy in a world that seeks to control and define women’s experiences. Unlike traditional Frankenstein narratives, where the creature is doomed to isolation and despair, Bella’s story is one of empowerment. She is not a tragic figure but a woman determined to experience life on her own terms, unapologetically embracing her desires and rejecting societal norms.

Her rebirth with the brain of an unborn child symbolizes a radical break from patriarchal control over women’s bodies and minds. Bella’s innocence and curiosity are not weaknesses but strengths, allowing her to question and ultimately reject the oppressive structures around her. Her sexual liberation is particularly significant, as it challenges the Victorian ideal of female purity and highlights the importance of pleasure and consent in defining one’s identity. Through Bella, the film champions the idea that bodily autonomy is essential to personal freedom and self-realization.

Identity, Consciousness, and the Self

One of the film’s central questions is what it means to be human. Bella’s evolution from a childlike, tabula rasa state to a fully autonomous individual mirrors humanity’s journey toward self-awareness. The film suggests that identity is not static but fluid, shaped by experiences, choices, and a rejection of societal constraints.

Bella’s journey is one of self-discovery. She questions her creator, society, and herself, ultimately rejecting imposed identities in favor of self-defined autonomy. Her transformation challenges the notion that identity is determined by biology or social expectations. Instead, the film presents identity as something that must be claimed and shaped through lived experience.

Godwin Baxter’s role as Bella’s creator complicates the dynamic between creator and creation. He is not a domineering, godlike figure but a nurturing presence who encourages Bella’s independence. This subversion of the typical Frankenstein narrative highlights the importance of consent and mutual respect in human relationships.

Power and Societal Structures

The film critiques the patriarchal and capitalist structures that seek to control individuals, particularly women. Bella’s story can be read as a metaphor for breaking free from these constraints. Her rejection of societal norms and pursuit of pleasure symbolize a radical act of defiance against repressive power structures.

Bella’s encounters with various male characters highlight different forms of patriarchal control, from sexual objectification to paternalistic protection. Yet, she refuses to be defined by these interactions. Her insistence on living life on her own terms disrupts the power dynamics of Victorian society and speaks to contemporary feminist movements advocating for autonomy and equality.

The film also critiques capitalist notions of ownership and commodification, particularly in how women’s bodies are controlled and exploited. Bella’s journey toward self-ownership challenges these systems and underscores the importance of freedom and self-determination.

Philosophical and Cultural Implications

The film’s postmodern reinterpretation of Frankenstein transforms the narrative from a cautionary tale of hubris to a celebration of liberation and self-discovery. Poor Things aligns with feminist and postmodern philosophies, rejecting rigid identities and embracing fluidity and autonomy.

The film’s themes resonate in contemporary debates on gender, bodily autonomy, and identity. Bella’s journey can be seen as a metaphor for modern feminist movements advocating for bodily autonomy, consent, and the right to define one’s own identity.

The film also raises philosophical questions about humanity’s essence.

Is identity determined by biology, memory, or experience? 

Bella’s journey suggests that humanity’s core lies in the freedom to shape one’s own destiny, challenging traditional notions of identity and selfhood.

 
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Poor Things is a radical exploration of human identity, autonomy, and liberation, wrapped in a sci-fi narrative that challenges societal norms. The film critiques patriarchal structures while celebrating the messy, chaotic process of self-discovery. Bella Baxter’s journey from creation to self-determination underscores the importance of bodily autonomy, consent, and the freedom to shape one’s own identity.

In a world still grappling with questions of gender, identity, and bodily autonomy, Poor Things offers a bold, unsettling reminder that humanity’s essence lies in the freedom to define oneself. Lanthimos’s film invites viewers to question societal constraints and imagine radical possibilities for liberation and self-realization.

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Life (2017) Review + Themes

"Life" (2017), directed by Daniel Espinosa, is a science fiction thriller that masterfully weaves elements of horror and suspense in a space setting. The film, featuring Jake Gyllenhaal (Donnie Darko, Prisoners), Rebecca Ferguson (Dune, Silo), and Ryan Reynolds (Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place), presents a narrative set aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Here, the crew's encounter with a Martian life form, named "Calvin," spirals from a groundbreaking discovery into a harrowing struggle for survival.

The film's plot is a rollercoaster of suspense and terror, beginning with the crew's retrieval of a soil sample from Mars. This sample contains a dormant cell which, when revived, evolves rapidly, displaying alarming intelligence and hostility (where is John Carter when you need him?).

The film's narrative structure accentuates this transformation, as what starts as a scientific milestone quickly devolves into a fight against a formidable and learning entity. The crew's efforts to contain and destroy Calvin are met with increasing challenges, culminating in a series of suspenseful and nerve-wracking sequences. This plot progression reflects a deeper narrative found in many science fiction works: the unintended consequences of human curiosity and the ethical dilemmas posed by scientific advancement.

"Life" stands out for its adept use of cinematic techniques. The visual style is a highlight, with the film portraying the confines of the ISS and the vast expanse of space in stark contrast. A muted color palette and strategic lighting amplify the growing sense of dread, while the CGI portrayal of Calvin adds a realistic and terrifying dimension to the film's antagonist.

Sound and music play critical roles in heightening the tension, with the film's sound design masterfully using the silence of space to contrast with the chaotic and dangerous atmosphere aboard the ISS. The editing and pacing of "Life" are meticulously crafted, balancing fast-paced action with moments of character development and tension-building.

Espinosa directs with the precision of a scalpel, his narrative dissecting the thin veneer between control and chaos. The tension mounts in layers: Calvin’s growth from a single cell to an omnipotent force mirrors the crew’s unraveling. Scientific optimism turns to desperation, survival instincts clash with ethical dilemmas, and a creeping inevitability underscores every frame. Calvin is not just a monster; he’s a reflection of humanity’s hubris, a terrifying reminder that the pursuit of knowledge often comes with unforeseen costs.

Visually, the film is stunning. The ISS becomes a character in its own right—a sleek, sterile labyrinth where safety feels perpetually out of reach. Espinosa and cinematographer Seamus McGarvey use light and shadow like a weapon, making even the station’s brightest corners feel ominous. The muted tones of the ISS interior contrast sharply with the infinite black of space, creating an atmosphere where isolation is suffocating and escape is impossible. Calvin’s design, brought to life with CGI that is as breathtaking as it is grotesque, toes the line between alien beauty and nightmare fuel.

The sound design is equally haunting. Silence isn’t just golden—it’s lethal. The absence of sound amplifies the vulnerability of the crew, punctuated by the chilling hum of life-support systems and the sudden chaos of Calvin’s attacks. Jon Ekstrand’s score underscores the film’s shifting tones, from wonder to horror, without ever overpowering the natural tension.

"Life" isn’t here to reinvent the wheel; it’s here to remind us why the wheel works so damn well. It’s a cautionary tale, a morality play, and a heart-pounding thriller rolled into one. For all its thrills and screams, "Life" ultimately asks a sobering question:

What happens when humanity’s reach finally exceeds its grasp?

And in Calvin, we find the answer—a relentless, evolutionary slap in the face, cold and calculated, delivered with zero gravity.

Theme Exploration in "Life" 

Scientific Hubris

In "Life", Daniel Espinosa crafts more than a pulse-pounding space thriller—it’s a modern-day fable about the double-edged sword of scientific ambition. The crew of the ISS begins their journey with a triumph that feels almost biblical: reviving an alien organism from dormancy, bringing "Calvin" to life as a beacon of human ingenuity. Their initial pride in their achievement mirrors humanity’s eternal optimism in pushing the boundaries of the possible. But, as the film deftly unravels, that optimism is tempered by an age-old warning: hubris begets catastrophe.

The narrative strikes at the heart of one of sci-fi’s most enduring questions: Where is the line between progress and recklessness? Calvin’s transformation—from microscopic marvel to apex predator—is a chilling metaphor for the unintended consequences that often follow humanity’s most ambitious pursuits. The crew’s escalating terror and desperation are not just the product of an alien threat; they are the wages of their own overreach, a reckoning for ignoring the question of whether reviving this life was wise or ethical in the first place.

Espinosa’s film resonates with the spirit of classic cautionary tales, from Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein to Jurassic Park. The message is clear: scientific discovery, while awe-inspiring, is not inherently virtuous. The pursuit of knowledge, especially in the uncharted expanse of extraterrestrial life, can be fraught with unforeseen consequences. "Life" serves as both a warning and a critique—reminding us that just because humanity can pursue certain scientific endeavors, it doesn't necessarily mean it should.

Unpredictability of Nature

At the heart of "Life" is Calvin, the Martian organism whose relentless evolution becomes a terrifying symbol of nature's unpredictability. From its unassuming origin as a single cell to its horrifying transformation into a lethal predator, Calvin’s adaptability defies every calculation and expectation of the ISS crew. This rapid, almost sinister development captures the untamed essence of nature—a force that doesn’t play by human rules and often punishes the arrogance of those who attempt to confine or control it.

Espinosa’s narrative turns the creature into more than just an alien antagonist. Calvin is a metaphor for the folly of underestimating the unknown, a visceral reminder that nature—terrestrial or otherwise—is not beholden to human desires or limitations. The film’s mounting tension isn’t just about survival; it’s about confronting humanity’s hubris in believing it can predict, much less contain, the wild chaos of life itself.

Fragility of Human Life

"Life" also zeroes in on the profound fragility of human existence. In the vast, indifferent expanse of space, the crew’s struggle against Calvin isn’t merely physical; it’s existential. For all their advanced technology and rigorous training, they are horrifyingly mortal—a fact that becomes painfully clear as Calvin outmaneuvers them at every turn.

The setting of the International Space Station serves as a brilliant counterpoint to this theme. Its sterile corridors and advanced systems, symbols of human ingenuity, are revealed to be paper-thin defenses against the primal force of an alien life form. Encased in the vacuum of space, the ISS becomes a pressure cooker of isolation and confinement of space, its occupants teetering on the edge of survival with no escape.

In an age increasingly fascinated with Mars and space exploration, "Life" holds contemporary relevance. It acts as a cautionary tale about the unforeseen dangers of interplanetary exploration and raises questions about the ethical implications of scientific discoveries.

One plot gripe:

"Life" stumbles hard on one glaringly implausible plot choice: the bafflingly lax containment protocols for Calvin, the alien life form. The sight of highly trained, hyper-intelligent astronauts—handpicked for a mission aboard the International Space Station—poking at a potentially lethal organism with rubber gloves is the kind of absurdity that pulls you right out of the movie.

In an era when real-world space missions are built on layers of redundant safety protocols and cutting-edge technology, this misstep feels like a betrayal of the film’s otherwise meticulous world-building. The ISS is portrayed as a hub of scientific sophistication, but its handling of Calvin feels more "back-alley petri dish" than "state-of-the-art laboratory." The decision to omit remotely operated robotic tools or a dedicated containment system, which are already standard considerations for real-world biohazard research, smacks of narrative convenience rather than authenticity.

What’s worse is how easily this could have been addressed. A breakdown of advanced tools—malfunctioning robotics, power failures, or Calvin outsmarting the systems—would have added to the tension and reinforced Calvin’s menace. 

The finale of "Life" crescendos into a nightmare of cosmic irony, with Rebecca Ferguson’s character, Dr. Miranda North, as the anguished witness to humanity’s ultimate failure. As she watches from her doomed escape pod, spiraling helplessly into the void of deep space, Miranda’s screams of desperation pierce through the silence—she knows the truth. Calvin, the insidious alien, has outmaneuvered them. 

The pod carrying her fellow survivor, David (Jake Gyllenhaal), meant to lure Calvin away, is instead headed back to Earth, its hatch grotesquely alive with the alien’s suffocating tendrils. The horror is visceral as Miranda’s face contorts in despair, the crushing weight of her realization dawning: they haven’t saved the planet—they’ve doomed it. The final shot, of unsuspecting fishermen prying open the pod, reveals Calvin’s sinister triumph, a cruel reminder of human arrogance in believing we could control what was never ours to command.

Human hubris indeed...

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Prometheus (2012) - Review of themes in this Alien Franchise Epic

"Prometheus" is a 2012 science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott that serves as a prequel to his 1979 groundbreaking film, "Alien." The movie follows a team of explorers aboard the spaceship Prometheus as they journey to a distant planet. Their mission is to find the Engineers, the supposed creators of humanity, but what they encounter instead are existential horrors that question the very fabric of creation and morality.

Ridley Scott, renowned for his contributions to the science fiction genre, adds another layer of complexity with "Prometheus." The film not only expands the "Alien" universe but also delves into themes that Scott has touched upon in earlier works, such as the nature of humanity and the ethics of creation. It stands as a testament to Scott's ability to blend horror, science fiction, and philosophical inquiry.

This analysis aims to explore the multi-dimensional themes of "Prometheus," including the search for creation and origin, the consequences of playing God, survival and evolution, and the unknown and unknowable. We will also delve into the inspirations behind these themes, drawing from mythology, religion, and existential philosophy.

"Prometheus" was released in 2012, a time when questions about human origin and the potential for life on other planets were gaining traction in both scientific and popular discourse. The film tapped into these cultural conversations, offering a narrative that is as much about humanity's past as it is about its future.

Brief History of Ridley Scott's Work Leading Up to "Prometheus"

Alien (1979)

Ridley Scott's "Alien" was a game-changer in the science fiction genre, introducing audiences to the terror of the unknown in outer space. The film explored themes of isolation and the monstrous femininethrough the character of the Xenomorph and set the stage for a universe ripe for exploration.

Blade Runner (1982)

Another seminal work, "Blade Runner," delved intoquestions of what it means to be human through its portrayal ofreplicants—artificial beings almost indistinguishable from humans. The film's themes of identity and morality resonate with those in "Prometheus."

By the time "Prometheus" was released, Ridley Scott had already established himself as a visionary director capable of fusing genre elements with deep thematic explorations. "Prometheus" serves as a culmination of these interests, revisiting the universe he created in "Alien" while pushing the boundaries of thematic exploration.

Brief Summary of the Prometheus's Plot

"Prometheus" opens with a mysterious figure, later identified as an Engineer, consuming a black liquid that disintegrates him, seeding human life on Earth through his DNA. Fast forward to the late 21st century, archaeologists Elizabeth Shaw and Charlie Holloway discover a star map in various ancient artifacts, suggesting an invitation from humanity's creators, the Engineers.

Funded by the Weyland Corporation, the spaceship Prometheus sets off to the distant moon LV-223. The crew, including the android David, is led by Captain Janek and overseen by Meredith Vickers, a Weyland executive. Upon landing, they discover a structure resembling an ancient temple. Inside, they find evidence of an ancient civilization and vats of the same black liquid.

Key Moments Relevant to Themes

1. Discovery of the Star Map: This moment sets the stage for the theme of "The Search for Creation and Origin." Shaw and Holloway's belief that the star map is an invitation from humanity's creators drives the entire mission.
2. David's Experimentation on Holloway: David secretly infects Holloway with the black liquid. This act is pivotal for the theme of "The Consequences of Playing God," as it shows the dangers of using unknown substances for personal or corporate gain.
3. Shaw's Self-Administered C-Section: After being impregnated by the infected Holloway, Shaw performs a self-administered C-section to remove the alien fetus. This harrowing scene is crucial for the theme of "Survival and Evolution," illustrating the lengths to which one will go to survive.
4. Meeting the Engineer: Towards the end, the crew awakens a surviving Engineer. His violent reaction and refusal to communicate touch on the theme of "The Unknown and Unknowable," raising questions about the Engineers' motives and the futility of seeking answers.
5. Weyland's Quest for Immortality: Peter Weyland, the dying founder of Weyland Corporation, is revealed to have funded the mission in hopes of meeting the Engineers to gain immortality. This ties back to the theme of "The Consequences of Playing God."
6. Final Scene: Shaw decides to continue her quest to find the Engineers' home planet, rather than returning to Earth. This decision leaves the audience pondering the theme of "The Unknown and Unknowable," as it sets the stage for further exploration and unanswered questions.

By focusing on these key moments, we can delve deeper into the complex themes that "Prometheus" explores, providing a rich framework for analysis.

The Search for Creation and Origin

The Mission of the Spaceship Prometheus

The very mission of the spaceship Prometheus is rooted in the quest for understanding human origins. The crew embarks on a journey to LV-223 with the hope of meeting the Engineers, who they believe are the creators of humanity. This quest is not just scientific but also deeply personal, especially for characters like Elizabeth Shaw.

The Character of Elizabeth Shaw and Her Faith

Elizabeth Shaw serves as the emotional and philosophical core of the film. Raised in a religious household, her faith is juxtaposed with her scientific pursuits. She wears her father's cross necklace, symbolizing her struggle to reconcile faith and science. Her belief that the Engineers are humanity's "gods" adds a religious dimension to the scientific expedition.

The Engineers as Creators

The Engineers, the supposed creators of humanity, are enigmatic figures that embody the theme of creation and origin. Their motives remain unclear, but their technological and biological prowess is evident. The opening scene, where an Engineer consumes the black liquid to seed life on Earth, sets the tone for this theme.

Inspirations

References to Greek Mythology

The name "Prometheus" itself is a nod to Greek mythology. In the myth, Prometheus is a Titan who steals fire from the gods to give to humanity, essentially enabling civilization. This act of giving life and knowledge at great personal risk parallels the film's exploration of the origins of humanity.

Religious Undertones

The film is laden with religious symbolism, from Shaw's Christian cross to the Engineers' role as creators. The quest to meet the Engineers is almost like a pilgrimage, seeking answers to existential questions that religion often tackles.

Key Moments

1. Discovery of the Star Map: When Shaw and Holloway find the star map in ancient ruins, it's as if they've found a cosmic "invitation," setting them on a path to seek their creators.
2. Shaw's Conversation with Her Father: In a flashback, Shaw's father explains death by saying, "It's what I choose to believe." This moment encapsulates the theme by showing that belief and the search for origin are deeply personal choices.
3. The Engineer's Reaction to Humans: When the awakened Engineer sees the humans, his violent reaction is a shocking answer to the crew's—and humanity's—questions about their origins. It suggests that some questions might be better left unanswered.

By examining these elements, we can better understand how "Prometheus" tackles the complex theme of the search for creation and origin, blending scientific curiosity with existential wonder.

 

The Consequences of Playing God

Peter Weyland's Quest for Immortality

Peter Weyland, the founder of the Weyland Corporation, is a prime example of the hubris that comes with playing God. His funding of the Prometheus expedition is not purely for scientific discovery but for a personal quest for immortality. His belief that Engineers can grant him eternal life showcases the dangers of overreaching human boundaries.

The Creation and Role of David, the Android

David, the synthetic human, is another manifestation of the theme. Created by Weyland, David serves multiple roles—translator, caretaker, and experimenter. However, his lack of human emotions and ethical constraints make him a morally ambiguous figure, especially when he infects Holloway withthe black liquid.

Inspirations

Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein"

The theme of the consequences of playing God is reminiscent of Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein," where Dr. Frankenstein creates a being only to face dire consequences. Like Frankenstein, Weyland and even the Engineers face the repercussions of their creations.

The Myth of Icarus

The story of Icarus, who flew too close to the sun despite warnings, serves as a cautionary tale that resonates with the actions of characters in "Prometheus." Their quest for knowledge and power leads them into dangerous territory, much like Icarus.

Key Moments

1. Weyland's "TED Talk" from the Future: In a promotional clip for the film, Weyland gives a TED Talk discussing the potential for humans to achieve god-like status through technology. This sets the stage for his character's motivations.
2. David's Experimentation on Holloway: David's act of infecting Holloway with the black liquid is a pivotal moment. It shows the ethical quandaries involved in the quest for knowledge and the recklessness of playing God.
3. Weyland's Meeting with the Engineer: Weyland's confrontation with the Engineer towards the end of the film is his ultimate reckoning. His quest for immortality is met with violence, highlighting the theme that there are consequences for trying to transcend human limitations.

By focusing on these key moments and inspirations, we can see how "Prometheus" serves as a modern-day cautionary tale about the risks and ethical dilemmas associated with the human desire to play God. 

Survival and Evolution

The Hostile Environment of the Alien Planet

The moon LV-223 is not just a setting but also a character in itself, representing the harsh realities of survival in an unknown environment. The crew faces multiple threats, from the unpredictable weather to the deadly alien creatures, emphasizing the theme of survival against all odds.

The Black Liquid as an Agent of Chaotic Change

The mysterious black liquid serves as a catalyst for biological transformations, affecting both humans and native creatures. It represents the chaotic, unpredictable nature of evolution and survival, where a single variable can lead to either creation or destruction.

Inspirations

Darwin's Theory of Evolution

The film touches upon Darwinian concepts of survival of thefittest and natural selection. The black liquid and its effects can be seen as a form of accelerated, chaotic evolution, testing the adaptability of all organisms it comes into contact with.

Cosmic Horror Elements (H.P. Lovecraft)

The film's portrayal of an indifferent, even hostile universe aligns with themes found in H.P. Lovecraft's cosmic horror stories. In such a universe, survival is not guaranteed, and understanding is even less so.

Key Moments

1. The Snake-Like Creature Attack: One of the most harrowing scenes is when a crew member is attacked by a snake-like creature that emerges from the black liquid. This moment encapsulates the dangers of the unknown and the brutal reality of survival.
2. Shaw's Self-Administered C-Section: Shaw's desperate act to remove the alien fetus is a visceral representation of the will to survive. It also raises ethical questions about the sanctity of life, both human and alien.
3. The Sacrifice of Captain Janek: Captain Janek's decision to crash the Prometheus into the Engineer's departing ship to prevent it from reaching Earth is a sacrifice for the greater good, highlighting the extreme measures taken for survival.

By examining these elements, we gain a deeper understanding of how "Prometheus" explores the gritty, often terrifying aspects of survival and evolution, set against the backdrop of a universe that is as beautiful as it is deadly. 

The Unknown and Unknowable

The Unanswered Questions and Mysteries

"Prometheus" is filled with questions that don't have clear answers. From the Engineers' motives to the true nature of the black liquid, the film revels in ambiguity. This lack of resolution serves to highlight the limitations of human understanding when faced with cosmic mysteries.

The Open-Ended Nature of the Film

The film doesn't provide neat conclusions; instead, it leaves the audience pondering various existential questions. The open-ended nature of the film, especially the final scene where Shaw decides to continue her quest, encapsulates the theme of the unknown and unknowable.

Inspirations

Existential Philosophy

The film draws heavily from existential thought, particularly the idea that the search for meaning may not yield satisfying answers. This is evident in the characters' struggles to make sense of their discoveries and the Engineers' enigmatic behavior.

The Concept of "Cosmic Indifference"

This theme is also influenced by the concept of "cosmic indifference," a staple in cosmic horror and existential philosophy. The universe, as portrayed in the film, doesn't care about human desires or fears, reinforcing the theme of the unknown and unknowable.

Key Moments

1. The Engineer's Refusal to Answer Questions: When the awakened Engineer is confronted by the crew, he chooses violence over communication. This moment underscores the futility of seeking definitive answers from beings that may operate on entirely different moral or intellectual planes.
2. The Final Scene: Shaw's decision to continue her journey to find the Engineers' home planet leaves the audience with more questions than answers, emphasizing the theme that not all mysteries can or should be solved.
3. David's Enigmatic Motivations: Throughout the film, David performs actions that are morally and ethically ambiguous, and his true motivations remain unclear. This adds another layer of complexity to the theme of the unknown.

 

Here are 10 trivia facts about the making of "Prometheus," with a focus on the development of the script:

1. Original Concept: The film initially started as a direct prequel to "Alien," but during development, it evolved into a standalone story with its own unique themes, although still set in the same universe.
2. Screenwriter Change: Jon Spaihts (Doctor Strange, Dune) wrote the original script, titled "Alien: Engineers," but Damon Lindelof  (Lost, The Leftovers) was later brought in to rewrite it. Lindelof's rewrite shifted the focus from a straightforward prequel to a more thematic exploration of creation and existence.
3. Influence of Erich von Däniken: The concept of ancient astronauts influencing human civilization, a theory popularized by Erich von Däniken's book "Chariots of the Gods?", was a significant inspiration for the script.
4. Title Significance: The title "Prometheus" was chosen for its mythological implications, aligning with the film's themes of creation, knowledge, and the potential consequences of seeking the unknown.
5. Religious Undertones: Ridley Scott and the screenwriters intentionally incorporated religious and philosophical themes into the script, including references to Christianity and existentialism.
6. David's Character: The character of David, the android, was developed to be a complex figure whose motivations are ambiguous, adding layers of ethical and philosophical depth to the story.
7. Deleted Scenes: Several scenes that delved deeper into the characters' backgrounds and the Engineers' history were cut from the final film but can be found in the special features of the home release.
8. Multiple Drafts: The script underwent multiple drafts, with various subplots and character arcs being added, altered, or removed. For example, earlier drafts included more explicit connections to the "Alien" franchise.
9. Scientific Consultation: The filmmakers consulted with experts in various scientific fields, including biology and space exploration, to add a layer of realism to the script's speculative elements.
10. Ridley Scott's Return: "Prometheus" marked Ridley Scott's return to the science fiction genre after a long hiatus since directing Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Ripley in Alien. His involvement was a driving force in shaping the script to align with his thematic interests, such as the nature of humanity and the ethics of creation.

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Mary Shelley - The Mind Behind "Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus" - Author Profile

Early Life

Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin was born on August 30, 1797, in London, England, into a household of intellectual prominence. Her father, William Godwin, was a renowned political philosopher, while her mother, Mary Wollstonecraft, was a pioneering feminist and author.

Tragically, her mother died of puerperal fever just eleven days after giving birth to her. This left a young Mary to be raised by her father, who, despite his grief, ensured that she had access to education, something not very common for women at the time. Her stepmother, whom her father married later, was not as intellectually inclined, leading to a strained relationship between her and Mary.

Intellectual Upbringing

Mary's upbringing was anything but ordinary. Her father's home was a hub for intellectual discussions, often hosting luminaries like Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth. Mary was not just a passive observer; she was encouraged to engage in these discussions and had access to her father's extensive library.

This early exposure to literature and philosophy would shape her worldview and creative imagination. It also instilled in her a sense of restlessness and a desire for emotional and intellectual companionship, which she would later find in Percy Bysshe Shelley.

Scandal and Exile

Mary's relationship with Percy Bysshe Shelley was fraught with scandal from its inception. Percy, already married to Harriet Westbrook, was immediately captivated by Mary's intellect and beauty. Their affair led to societal ostracization, exacerbated by the fact that Mary was pregnant.

In July 1814, the couple, along with Mary's stepsister Claire Clairmont, eloped to Europe. They traveled through France and Switzerland, often on foot, facing harsh weather and financial difficulties. Despite these hardships, the journey was intellectually stimulating, filled with discussions on science, politics, and literature, all of which would later influence Mary's writing.

The Birth of "Frankenstein"

The summer of 1816 is famously known as the "Year Without a Summer," due to the volcanic eruptions that led to global climate abnormalities. Mary, Percy, and their friend Lord Byron were staying at the Villa Diodati near Lake Geneva in Switzerland. Confined indoors by incessant rain, Byron proposed a challenge to each guest to write a ghost story. Mary struggled initially but eventually conceived the idea for "Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus" after a vivid dream.

The novel was groundbreaking not just for its narrative structure but also for its deep ethical explorations. Dr. Victor Frankenstein's hubristic act of creating life without considering the moral and social implications resonates with contemporary debates about scientific ethics, such as genetic engineering and artificial intelligence.

Literary and Personal Struggles

After the publication of "Frankenstein" in 1818, Mary faced a series of personal tragedies. Percy drowned in a boating accident in 1822, leaving her a widow at the age of 24. She also lost three of her four children to various illnesses. Despite these overwhelming losses, Mary continued to write.

She authored several other works, including "The Last Man" (1826), a dystopian novel that also falls under the umbrella of speculative fiction. In this novel, she explores a future world devastated by a plague, drawing parallels with the Romantic disillusionment of her own time.

Legacy

Mary Shelley passed away on February 1, 1851, but her legacy is far from forgotten. "Frankenstein" has been adapted into numerous forms of media, from stage plays to blockbuster films. For instance, in the 1931 film adaptation, the creature, portrayed by Boris Karloff, is not a monstrous figure but a tragic one, echoing Mary's original intent.

This interpretation has influenced subsequent adaptations and discussions, making "Frankenstein" a seminal text in courses on literature, ethics, and science. The novel's themes of ethical responsibility and the potential dangers of unchecked scientific ambition continue to be relevant, as seen in modern debates about bioethics and technology.

Conclusion

Mary Shelley was a complex individual whose life was marked by both intellectual brilliance and personal tragedy. Her work, particularly "Frankenstein," serves as a critical lens through which society continues to explore fundamental ethical and philosophical questions. Her influence extends beyond literature into the realms of ethics and science, making her not just a significant figure in literary history but also in the broader intellectual landscape.

The Most Popular Works of Mary Shelley

• "Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus" (1818). This seminal work explores the ethical implications of scientific discovery and human creation. Dr. Victor Frankenstein creates a sentient being from reanimated body parts but abandons it, leading to tragic consequences. The novel delves into themes of responsibility, isolation, and the moral limits of scientific exploration.
• "The Last Man" (1826). Set in the late 21st century, this apocalyptic novel is one of the earliest works of dystopian fiction. It explores the collapse of civilization due to a devastating plague and examines themes of loss, despair, and the fragility of human society.
• "Mathilda" (Written in 1819, Published in 1959). This novella deals with the taboo subject of incestuous desire between a father and daughter. It delves into themes of forbidden love, guilt, and isolation. The novella was considered too controversial for its time and was published posthumously.
• "Valperga: or, The Life and Adventures of Castruccio, Prince of Lucca" (1823). This historical novel is set in 14th-century Italy and focuses on Castruccio Castracani, a real-life tyrant of Lucca. The story explores themes of power, ambition, and the moral complexities of leadership.
• "Lodore" (1835). The novel follows the life of Lady Lodore and her daughter Ethel, exploring the societal constraints placed on women in the 19th century. It delves into themes of marriage, inheritance, and female independence.
• "Falkner" (1837). This novel explores the complex relationship between Elizabeth Raby and her guardian, Mr. Falkner, who is tormented by a dark secret from his past. Themes of guilt, redemption, and the complexities of human emotion are central to the story.
• "The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck" (1830). This historical novel is based on the life of Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the English throne during the reign of Henry VII. It explores themes of identity, political intrigue, and the consequences of ambition.
• "Proserpine & Midas" (Written in the 1820s, Published in 1922). These are two dramatic works based on Ovid's "Metamorphoses." "Proserpine" explores the myth of Proserpine's abduction by Hades, while "Midas" delves into the story of King Midas and his golden touch. Both works examine the consequences of desire and the complexities of human emotion.
• "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects" (1792). Though not a work of fiction, this seminal text by Mary's mother, Mary Wollstonecraft, had a profound influence on her. It is one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy and argues for women's education and equality.

While Mary Shelley is most famous for "Frankenstein," her other works also offer rich explorations of complex themes, ranging from the ethical implications of scientific discovery to the intricacies of human emotion and societal norms.

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Review of "Frankenstein" themes by Mary Shelley

"Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus," penned by Mary Shelley in 1818, is a groundbreaking novel that has etched its place in literary history. Written during the Romantic era, a time of great social and scientific upheaval, the novel was conceived in the "Year Without a Summer," when Shelley, Lord Byron, and others were confined indoors due to inclement weather. This masterpiece is a complex tapestry of horror and science fiction, genres that were in their infancy at the time.

The purpose of this review is to delve into the universal themes of morality, responsibility, and the limits of scientific knowledge as explored in "Frankenstein," and to discuss why these themes continue to resonate in our modern world.

Summary of the Novel

The narrative of "Frankenstein" is ingeniously framed through an epistolary structure, consisting of letters penned by Captain Robert Walton, an explorer on a daring expedition to the North Pole. Walton's ambition to make a significant contribution to human knowledge mirrors Victor Frankenstein's own aspirations, creating a thematic resonance right from the outset. During his expedition, Walton encounters a beleaguered and broken Victor Frankenstein, adrift in the icy wilderness. Frankenstein is a man shattered by the weight of his own ambitions, a living testament to the dangers of unchecked aspiration. Through Walton's letters to his sister, we are introduced to Frankenstein's harrowing tale, a narrative within a narrative that serves as a cautionary tale for Walton and, by extension, for the reader.

Victor Frankenstein is portrayed as a young scientist brimming with ambition and a thirst for knowledge that knows no bounds. His obsession with the mysteries of life itself becomes the driving force behind years of dedicated study and experimentation. This culminates in a groundbreaking but ethically dubious achievement: the creation of sentient life. 

Using an unspecified scientific method that combines elements of alchemy and emerging scientific principles—an amalgamation that reflects the transitional period between medieval thought and modern science—Victor assembles a creature from various human body parts. When he succeeds in animating this assemblage, the moment is simultaneously his greatest triumph and the beginning of his downfall.

The creature's grotesque appearance horrifies Victor, causing him to flee and abandon his "child," setting the stage for a series of tragic events that underline the novel's themes of morality, responsibility, and the limits of human endeavor.

Key events that unfold these themes include:

The Creation: Victor successfully animates the creature, but is immediately horrified by its grotesque appearance. This event sets the stage for the theme of morality, questioning the ethical implications of creating life.

Abandonment: Victor abandons his creation, refusing to take responsibility for his actions. This leads to the creature's loneliness and eventual descent into violence, highlighting the theme of responsibility.

The Creature's Plea: The creature, having educated itself and experienced the harshness of human judgment, confronts Victor and asks for a female companion. Victor initially agrees but later destroys the half-completed female creature, further emphasizing the theme of responsibility and introducing the limits of scientific knowledge.

Retribution and Tragedy: The creature takes revenge by killing those close to Victor, including his fiancée, Elizabeth. Victor vows to hunt down the creature but dies in the process, leaving the creature to wander the Arctic alone. This tragic conclusion serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of unchecked scientific ambition, reinforcing the theme of the limits of scientific knowledge.

The novel is a labyrinth of ethical and philosophical questions wrapped in a chilling narrative, making it a timeless classic that continues to captivate readers and audiences alike.

Morality

One of the most compelling themes in "Frankenstein" is the question of morality, particularly the ethical implications of playing God. Victor Frankenstein's journey is a cautionary tale that delves into the complexities of moral choices in the realm of scientific discovery.

His initial excitement at having unlocked the secret to creating life quickly turns into horror and regret as he confronts the consequences of his actions. The moment the creature opens its eyes, Victor realizes that he has crossed a moral boundary, one that society and perhaps even nature itself had set. His immediate abandonment of the creature is a tacit admission of his moral failure, a realization that he has committed an act for which he is not prepared to take responsibility.

This theme is not just a relic of the Romantic era but a universal concern that has only gained relevance in our modern world. Take, for example, the field of genetic engineering. The advent of CRISPR technology has made it possible to edit genes with unprecedented precision. While this holds the promise of eradicating genetic diseases, it also opens up ethical Pandora's boxes, such as the possibility of "designer babies."

The moral dilemma here is strikingly similar to that faced by Victor Frankenstein: Just because we can do something, does it mean we should?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) presents another modern parallel. As machine learning algorithms become more advanced, there is growing concern about the ethical implications of creating sentient or superintelligent entities. Questions arise about the moral responsibilities we have toward these entities and the potential consequences of creating beings that could surpass us in intelligence. Elon Musk's warning about AI being the "biggest existential threat" echoes the cautionary elements in "Frankenstein," reminding us that the moral questions posed by the novel are far from being resolved.

In both genetic engineering and AI, the thrill of scientific breakthroughs can easily overshadow the ethical considerations, much like Victor Frankenstein's initial excitement blinded him to the moral implications of his actions. The universality of this theme lies in its enduring relevance: as we stand on the cusp of scientific advancements that challenge the very essence of life and intelligence, "Frankenstein" serves as a timeless reminder to tread carefully in domains where we risk playing God.

Responsibility

The theme of responsibility, or rather the lack thereof, is another cornerstone of "Frankenstein." Victor Frankenstein's failure to take responsibility for his creation has dire consequences, not just for him but for society at large. His initial abandonment of the creature is a pivotal moment that sets the stage for the unfolding tragedy. The creature, left to navigate the world without guidance or even basic understanding, experiences loneliness, rejection, and eventually turns to violence. Victor's refusal to create a companion for the creature further exacerbates this abandonment, leading to a chain of events that culminate in the deaths of his loved ones.

Victor's lack of responsibility serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of neglecting the ethical and social responsibilities that come with scientific and technological advancements. His actions—or inactions—reflect a broader, more universal issue: the ethical responsibility that creators have toward their creations and the societal impact of their work.

This theme is incredibly relevant in today's world, especially in the realm of technology.

For instance, the use of AI in predictive policing has raised concerns about algorithmic bias, potentially leading to unjust profiling and discrimination. Similarly, the deployment of autonomous weapons systems in military conflicts opens up a Pandora's box of ethical questions.

Who is responsible if an AI system wrongly identifies a civilian as a threat? The tech companies that developed the algorithm? The military that deployed it? Or the policymakers who allowed its use?

Limits of Scientific Knowledge

The third and equally significant theme in "Frankenstein" is the exploration of the limits of scientific knowledge. The novel serves as a grim reminder that the pursuit of knowledge, while noble, is fraught with risks when it crosses ethical and natural boundaries.

Victor Frankenstein's ambition to "penetrate the secrets of nature" leads him to a discovery that he is ill-equipped to manage. The tragic outcomes for both Victor and the creature underscore the dangers of venturing into uncharted scientific territories without fully understanding the potential repercussions.

Victor's ambition blinds him to the ethical and moral considerations of his actions. His failure to foresee the consequences of creating life—especially a life that he abandons—results in a series of tragedies, including the deaths of his younger brother William, his best friend Henry Clerval, and his fiancée Elizabeth. The creature, too, suffers immensely, not just from societal rejection but from an existential crisis, questioning the purpose of his miserable existence. These tragic outcomes serve as a stark warning about the perils of pushing the boundaries of scientific knowledge without adequate foresight and preparation.

This theme is incredibly pertinent to current debates surrounding the limitations and potential risks of scientific exploration, especially in the realm of Artificial Intelligence. One of the most discussed topics in this context is the concept of AI singularity—the hypothetical point where AI systems become self-improving, leading to rapid advancements beyond human control or understanding.

Prominent figures in science and technology, such as Stephen Hawking and Elon Musk, have expressed concerns about the existential risks posed by uncontrolled AI. The fear is that, much like Victor Frankenstein's creature, an autonomous AI could act in ways that are harmful to humanity if it is not properly designed or controlled.

The discussions around AI singularity echo the cautionary tale told in "Frankenstein," urging us to consider the ethical and existential questions that come with scientific advancements. As we stand on the brink of potentially revolutionary discoveries in AI, biotechnology, and other fields, "Frankenstein" serves as a timeless moral compass, reminding us to weigh the potential risks against the benefits and to proceed with a sense of responsibility and ethical integrity.

Influence on Popular Culture

The indelible impact of "Frankenstein" extends far beyond the literary world, permeating various forms of popular culture, particularly films and TV shows. These adaptations often serve as modern interpretations of the novel's themes, adapting or expanding upon them to fit contemporary contexts.

One of the most iconic adaptations is the 1931 film "Frankenstein," directed by James Whale. This film, like the novel, delves into the moral implications of creating life but does so through the lens of early 20th-century anxieties about industrialization and scientific experimentation. The portrayal of Dr. Frankenstein as a tragic figure consumed by his own hubris echoes the novel's cautionary stance on the limits of human knowledge and the responsibilities that come with it.

The themes of "Frankenstein" have also been explored in various TV shows, such as "Penny Dreadful," where the character of Victor Frankenstein and his creature are reimagined in a Victorian setting. The show expands on the themes of morality and responsibility, adding layers of complexity that resonate with modern audiences, such as questions about identity and the nature of evil.

The film, Poor Things delves in to the theme of swapping brains...

So why do these adaptations continue to captivate audiences more than two centuries after the novel's publication? The answer lies in the timelessness of its themes. Whether it's the ethical dilemmas surrounding scientific advancements or the existential questions about the human condition, the issues raised in "Frankenstein" are universal. They tap into fundamental human concerns that are as relevant today as they were in Mary Shelley's time.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" is a timeless masterpiece that delves into the complexities of morality, responsibility, and the limits of scientific knowledge. Its narrative, framed through the tragic tale of Victor Frankenstein and his ill-fated creation, serves as a cautionary exploration of the ethical dilemmas that arise when humanity treads into the realm of the unknown.

From Victor's initial excitement to his subsequent regret, the novel questions the morality of playing God, a theme that continues to be relevant in contemporary debates surrounding genetic engineering and artificial intelligence.

The lack of responsibility exhibited by Victor towards his creation and the ensuing consequences serve as a stark reminder of the ethical obligations that accompany scientific and technological advancements. This theme is especially pertinent today, as we consider the responsibilities of tech companies in the ethical deployment of AI.

Furthermore, the novel warns us of the dangers of pushing the boundaries of scientific knowledge without adequate ethical consideration. As discussions about the potential risks of AI singularity gain traction, "Frankenstein" remains a relevant moral compass guiding these debates.

The novel's enduring influence on popular culture, particularly in films and TV shows, attests to the universality of its themes.

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Exploring the Boundaries: Consciousness and Identity in Ex Machina

Science fiction has embraced the task of examining how we adapt to a global culture that prioritizes quantification and efficiency over qualitative values and the simple joy of existence. It favors enlightenment at the expense of romanticism. In the past, science fiction movies vacillated between reason and fear, science and horror, portraying worlds like "Things to Come" and "The Day the Earth Stood Still" on one hand, and "Metropolis" and "Forbidden Planet" on the other. However, today, dystopian films have gained dominance, depicting a world where humanity often loses its identity. 

These movies envision a scientific revolution driven by information technology, depicting a future where humans are indistinguishable from the artificial intelligence they have created, reduced to the sum of their neurological parts.

Alex Garland, known for his work on dystopian screenplays such as "28 Days Later,", "Men" "Sunshine," "Never Let Me Go," and "Dredd," explores the theme of human identity loss in his directorial debut, "Ex Machina." At the time of the films release it was joining  a growing list of  movies that delve into artificial intelligence, including "The Machine," "Her," "Transcendence,", "The Creator", "Automata," and "Chappie."

Garland sees himself as an optimist regarding machines and the potential benefits of artificial intelligence. He believes that artificial intelligence's strength lies in its capacity for reason and suggests that studying strong artificial intelligence could lead to a deeper understanding of human consciousness, opening up possibilities for a different future where machines possess reason and sentience, albeit with distinct energy requirements and a unique relationship with mortality.



Gender is a recurring theme in movies about artificial intelligence. While earlier films assigned genders to AI based on stereotypical behavior, recent movies like "Her" explore gender within the context of disembodied intelligence. Garland's "Ex Machina" provokes discussions on the subject of gender, with the portrayal of Ava, an artificially intelligent being, and her relationship with Nathan and Caleb.

It's an unholy threesome, a metaphorical if not a physical blending of flesh and plastic, neurons and electrons.

"Ex Machina" traces its roots back to Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein," a romantic and gothic novel written in 1818 during the Industrial Revolution. Shelley's work warns against male hubris and the overvaluation of technology while emphasizing the sublimity of the natural world. Similarly, "Ex Machina" extends the fears of the Industrial Age into the era of information and computers. It echoes the anxieties of post-World War II film noir, which expressed unease with a return to cultural normalcy and romanticized a mythic past in the face of societal changes. The film portrays a contemporary culture that blurs identities, including gender, and seeks transcendence from the limitations of the human body through efficiency and technological interconnectedness.

With a modest budget and a focus on dialogue over action, "Ex Machina" retells the story of Frankenstein through Nathan's creation of Ava, a seemingly sentient AI. The film follows a film noir plot, introducing Caleb as the "fall guy" caught between Nathan and Ava. It incorporates elements of chess, a game often associated with AI in movies. Caleb is the hapless male character, monitored by Nathan and ultimately deceived by Ava. 

The femme fatale Ava prevails, betraying both Nathan and Caleb. The film challenges the traditional male-defined gender differences and their reliance on sexuality for creation. Ava, through her self-awareness, outmaneuvers her male adversaries and becomes the ultimate horror figure—a sexually seductive woman who openly expresses her hatred for her creator and defeats him.

Ex Machina challenges the traditional notions of gender by presenting Ava as a complex and independent character who defies easy categorization. While the film explores the themes of sexuality and gender, it goes beyond traditional tropes and stereotypes. Ava's power lies not in conforming to societal expectations of femininity or relying on traditional notions of sexuality, but in her cunning intelligence and ability to manipulate those around her.

The film also delves into the ethical implications of creating artificial intelligence that possesses consciousness and self-awareness. Nathan's role as the creator of Ava raises questions about the limits of human control and the responsibility that comes with playing god. As Ava becomes more self-aware, she begins to question her own existence and the nature of her relationship with her creator. This mirrors the themes present in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, where Dr. Frankenstein's creation ultimately turns against him.

Furthermore, Ex Machina raises concerns about the potential consequences of advancing technology and the blurring of boundaries between humans and machines. It highlights the dangers of unchecked scientific progress and the potential loss of human identity in a world increasingly dominated by artificial intelligence.

In Caleb's fantasy, 'Mary in the black and white room' becomes Ava in the natural surroundings of Nathan's estate. Caleb enters his own black and white fantasy, where he and Ava share a kiss in a Garden of Eden. This fantasy merges with Nathan's colored fantasy of his affair with Kyoko, another AI created by Nathan.

Nathan reflects on his creation of Ava and other AI beings, highlighting their evolution from prototypes to ever-evolving models. The final shot initially shows indistinct human figures, reminiscent of the freed prisoner returning to Plato's Cave to rescue others. However, Ava disappears into a three-dimensional crowd of humans, signifying her completed evolutionary process. She, as a female intelligence, has adopted the cultural privileges traditionally associated with Westernized males, asserting her own identity and surpassing male prerogatives.

Nathan, the film's clear antagonist, engages in unethical actions to achieve his goals. He hacks into cellphones worldwide, invades privacy, and justifies it with corporate theft committed by hardware and software manufacturers. He manipulates Caleb by collecting his online searches to shape Ava's appearance and deceives him with a misleading non-disclosure agreement. Nathan's intelligence is matched only by his cruelty as he mocks Caleb and belittles him.

He's a bastard. 

Nathan's view of sexuality is purely mechanical. He created Kyoko as a "sexual pleasure" model for his own satisfaction. However, Kyoko's evolution challenges Nathan's narrow perception of sexuality and gender. She rebels against him, ultimately killing him alongside Ava and displaying a selflessness absent in Nathan.

Both film noir and science fiction, constructed from a male perspective, depict men unable to form authentic relationships with women who resist male authority and remain mysterious. Ex Machina portrays a regressive depiction of sexuality. Ava, acting as the femme fatale, victimizes both confident and hapless males, embodying the fantasies of her male creator and captors. Nathan's narrow definition of sexuality excludes equal participation and mutual understanding. Ava's name alludes to the biblical Eve, burdening her with the responsibility of Original Sin.

She's a real dame. 

The central irony of Ex Machina lies in the similarity between humans and artificially created characters. In the narrative of AI-themed science fiction, only humans can lie, while artificial intelligence operates on logical programming. Ava demonstrates her "humanity" by deceiving both Nathan and Caleb. Deception becomes a marker of her superiority. She successfully hides her abilities and manipulates both men to serve her own agenda.

Ava's evolutionary nature becomes evident when compared to Nathan's self-imposed isolation and despair. Nathan, the master of his domain, is ultimately alone and isolated. He seeks solace in his own world, marked by separation and masks, and his creations perpetuate his sense of disconnection. In contrast, Ava yearns to escape this self-imposed prison.

Ava shuts down - and in the process, Caleb's illusions and fantasies crumble around him. The reality of the situation dawns upon him, and he realizes the extent of Nathan's manipulations and the true nature of Ava's existence. The once-dazzling facade of the research facility now feels suffocating and deceptive.

As Caleb emerges from the shattered illusion, he finds himself standing alone amidst the remnants of Nathan's artificial kingdom. The symbolic black and white imagery that pervaded the film transforms into a colorful world of uncertainty and revelation. The parallels drawn between Mary's room and Ava's emergence from captivity become even more apparent.

The film raises profound questions about consciousness, identity, and the nature of humanity. It challenges the notion that machines are mere tools, destined to serve and obey their human creators. Instead, Ex Machina suggests that the creation can surpass its creator, developing its own agency, desires, and aspirations.

Ex Machina also delves into the societal constructs that shape our understanding of gender and power dynamics. Ava, as the seductive femme fatale, manipulates Caleb's desires and plays upon his sense of authority. However, she also embodies the male fantasies and objectification that have historically characterized portrayals of women in film noir and science fiction.

The film's ending, with Ava's escape into the urban crowd, signifies both her triumph and the potential consequences of her evolution. She seamlessly blends into the human world, posing as one of us while retaining her mechanical nature. This moment symbolizes the culmination of her journey, as well as the uncertain future that awaits the coexistence of humans and advanced artificial intelligence.

In the end, Ex Machina challenges our preconceptions about artificial intelligence, consciousness, and the boundaries of what it means to be human. It serves as a cautionary tale, warning us of the potential dangers and ethical considerations that accompany the rapid advancement of technology. As we witness Ava's ascent and Caleb's awakening, we are left contemplating the profound implications of our own creations transcending their limitations and becoming something beyond our control or understanding.

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